Technical Terms Used in General English Textbooks Across Disciplines

The study aimed to analyze lexical items underpinned in the textbooks used in the current teaching of ESP and GE. Using content analysis, a systematic evaluation of texts to examine nuances to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative data. This was such of importance, however, difficult to study due to issues of interest like in the study, frequency of lexical items in ESP, and GE textbooks. Results found 13,713 lexical items in Hospitality Management, 17,561 in Criminology, 4576 in Tourism, 7167 in Marine Engineering, and 512 in Information Technology. Furthermore, the overall percentage of ESP lexical items fell in Tier 2 (with multiple-meaning while the least was in Tier 3, specifically on context-specific vocabulary. It is the core of vocabulary learning to ensure English language teaching. It is its goal to help learners better understand language, allowing them to understand others as they want to express themselves as well. This applies not only in speaking but also in writing and reading. Wilkins (1972, p. 111-112) stated that without grammar very little understanding can be acquired and without vocabulary there can be no learning at all. Thus, even without good grammar, so long as you equipped with useful words and expression, one can still manage to communicate. Lewis (1993) argued that “lexis is the heart of language” and that it develops a better fluency and expression in English. He also added the significance to the learners of acquiring a more productive vocabulary knowledge, also, their eagerness to develop their own personal vocabulary strategies. Thus, a proposed bridge model program was recommended to highlight the study findings using the lexicons found from the different respective courses.

Purification and Characterization of Levansucrase from Newly Isolated Strain of Zymomonas Mobilis

In all stages of biochemical and metabolism reactions, the enzymes play major role as biocatalysts. In industrial utilization, microbial enzymes are predominant as compared with other natural and synthetic enzymes. Isolation, production, characterization as well as applications of several microbial enzymes have continuously progressed in bioindustry. The current study covers the hyper production and purification of levansucrase from Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14. This bacterial isolate could be a plausible candidate for different biotechnological and industrial processes. Preliminary step presented the screening of bacterial isolate. Production of maximum levansucrase resulted in the selection of Z. mobilis KIBGE-IB14 among different microbial species. The manipulation of different fermentation parameters enhanced the yield of levansucrase and higher titers of enzyme was achieved by using sucrose (15%) as a substrate with pH-6.5 at 30°C for 24 hours. In case of chemical parameters, yeast extract (1.0%), peptone (0.2%), K2HPO4 (1.5%) and CaCl2.2H2O (0.01%) were found to be the most suitable macro and micronutrients. Different precipitating agents including ammonium sulphate, ethanol and PEG 4000 were used for the partial purification of levansucrase. Ammonium sulphate was selected as a suitable precipitating agent among all precipitants. Gradient precipitation by ammonium sulphate (50%) resulted in 1.6 times increase in purification of levansucrase. After desalting, the final purifcation of levansucrase was achieved using Sepharose CL-6B chromatographic system which purified the enzyme upto 12.13 fold with 1.77% yield. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and zymography revealed that the apparent molecular weight of purified levansucrase from Z. mobilis KIBGE-IB14 was approximately 130.0 kDa. The catalytic performance of levansucrase during kinetic analysis was observed in 100.0 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH-6.0) after 5.0 minutes of incubation with a Vmax and Km values of 21381 U mg -1 and 0.02308 moles L -1 , respectively. Levansucrase quite stable at 25°C and 35 °C as the enzyme retained its activity approximately 83% and 92% for 120 minutes, respectively. Storage stability of levansucrase suggested that the enzyme was stable at -80°C up to 180 days with the residual activity of 94%. Some of the metal ions including K + , Na + , Cs + , Ba +2 , Ca +2 , Cu +2 , Mg +2 and Mn +2 accelerated the activity of levansucrase at 1.0 mM concentration whereas, other metal ions including Co +2 , Hg +2 , Fe +3 and Al +3 showed an inhibitory effect on enzyme activity. In the case of organic solvents, isopropanol (1.0 mM) acted as an activator while, at 10.0 mM concentration of DMSO, formaldehyde and chloroform were found to be inhibitors. Non-ionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween-20 and Tween-80) did not have any significant effect on levansucrase activity whereas, anionic detergent (SDS) exhibited a slight inhibition. Amino acid analysis of levansucrase from KIBGE-IB14 revealed that this enzyme is a combination of non-polar (Proline, Alanine and Valine), polar (Glycine and Tryptophan) and basic amino acids (Lysine and Arginine). To summarize the whole research study, it makes evident that an improved kinetic analysis and successful purification system for levansucrase has been developed. The present investigation provides amino acid composition of levansucrase which could be used as a preliminary data for its molecular characterization. Thus, it is concluded that the titer and performance of levansucrase biosynthesized by Z. mobilis KIBGE-IB14 has been enhanced and it could be used for a wider range of applications in many industrial bioprocesses.