Post-Independence Colonial Impacts on the Political Development of Pakistan: The Bureaucracy

The ethos of every postcolonial country was shaped by the way in which it secured its independence, therefore in analyzing the political development of Pakistan from its creation one must consider the related development of India prior to Partition, exploring the nature of colonial rule and it’s far reaching impacts on the political development of Pakistan after independence. While India has seen innumerable kingdoms rise and fall and many waves of invasions, the British encroachment in India from the 18th century onwards, particularly the direct incorporation of India as the jewel of the British Empire in 1857, was unique in that it wrenched the locus of political and economic control away from the Subcontinent to Europe. However, many British residents in India ‘went native’, by adopting local religion and culture. The British loved India, whether residents such as Rudyard Kipling or the ruling elite in Britain (e.g. Queen Victoria had Indian servants and companions). The British cultivated an elite group of administrators from the powerful indigenous landowners and middle-class professionals (the latter of whom were mainly from Hindu castes), which helped the British to consolidate their vested interests to strengthen their rule in India. The amalgamated British army consisted of Indian and British soldiers under the command of British officers. This paper discusses in detail the impacts of British colonial rule in the Subcontinent with special reference to post-independence Pakistan drawing on archival records and other written materials on the subject.

Triorgano- Metal Derivatives of Some Carboxylic Acid Containing Drugs: Synthesis, Characterization & Biological Activities

In this study, ten new series of triorganotin(IV) derivatives of carboxylates have been synthesized in a result of reaction between tri-organotin(IV) chlorides or tri-organotin(IV) hydroxides with carboxylate ligands of highly active and renound medicines of famous family of quinolones, flouro quinolones and few other such drugs in dry toluene. The ligands (HL1-HL10) used themselves very famous for their activities against most of the bacterial and fungal strains. The mode of coordination of these ligands, structural confirmation and geometric assignments of all the synthesized complexes (1-60) both in solid and liquid states were checked, using various analytical techniques in combination such as FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C and 119Sn) NMR, CHNS analysis, mass spectrometry, TGA-DSCand single crystal X-ray analysis. On the basis of these results, most of the ligands appeared to coordinate to Sn atom through carboxylate moiety except thiobenzoic acid due to the formation of dimer. The trimethyltin (IV) and tributyltin(IV) derivatives posses trigonal bipyramidal geometry both in solid and solution state while triphenyltin(IV) have shown tetrahedral geometry specially due to bulky nature of phenyl groups. The binding/interaction of newly synthesized compounds with SS-DNA was checked by UV-visible Spectroscopic technique and on the basis of viscosity measurement method in the presence and absence of complexes. A hypochromic effect along with obvious bathochromic shift (red shift) was seen in UV studies. These are the clear indications of intercalation mode of interaction. The complex-DNA adduct was formed with great spontaneity as does indicated by the negative values of ∆G for all the evaluated complexes. These results were also well supported by complex-DNA intercalation when checked by viscosity measurement method. All of the newly synthesized complexes were also checked in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal behaviour against several different medically important bacterial and fungal strains whose culture were already prepared and was taken from market. All of the new triorganotin (IV) derivatives have shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, more than their respective ligands. Furthermore, most of the newly synthesized compounds were found to have fair antimicrobial activities comparable to the reference drugs. These observations gave the idea that most of these compounds may potentially be used as effective antibacterial and antifungal agents in the coming future. The antitumor and anticancer behaviour of the representative complexes were very positive especially when antitumor agent not only could serve for the treatment of tumors but also can act as a potential source of chemo protective agent which was the worst challenge for all the chemists who are presently working in the field of medicinal synthesis. The leishmaniocidal activities of few of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated and it was found that some of the compounds have shown strong antileishmanial activities. Therefore, the results demonstrated that these synthesized complexes can potentially be used as a new source of novel agents for the effective treatment of leishmaniasis.