تسکینؔ قریشی
تسکین قریشی غزل گو شعراء میں نہایت ممتاز اور تغزل میں جگر کے صحیح جانشین تھے، وہ ملازم پیشہ تھے، اس لیے پیشہ ور شعراء کی کمزوریوں سے ان کا دامن پاک تھا، اور اپنی اخلاقی بلندی کے اعتبار سے شعراء کی آبرو تھے، طبعاً خاموش، عزلت پسند اور شہرت طلبی سے دور تھے، مشاعروں میں بھی بہت کم شریک ہوتے تھے، اور اخبارات و رسالوں میں بھی اپنا کلام اشاعت کے لیے کم بھیجتے تھے، اس لیے ایک عرصے تک ان کو وہ شہرت حاصل نہ ہوسکی جس کے وہ مستحق تھے، لیکن آخر میں ان کے کلام کی نکہت صاحب ذوق طبقہ میں پوری طرح پھیل گئی تھی، راقم کو ان کے کلام کا اندازہ ان کے دوسرے مجموعۂ کلام ’’گلگونہ‘‘ کی اشاعت کے بعد ہوا، ان کی شاعری خیالات کی لطافت و پاکیزگی اور زبان کی نفاست و سلاست کا نمونہ ہے، نعتیں بھی بڑی پرکیف کہتے تھے، ان سے ملاقات کی نوبت کبھی نہیں آئی، مگر کبھی کبھی وہ اپنا کلام معارف میں اشاعت کے لیے بھیجتے تھے، اس سلسلہ میں ان سے خط و کتابت رہتی تھی، اور ان سے ایسے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے کہ انہوں نے اپنے آخری مجموعۂ کلام سرمایہ تسکین کا مقدمہ راقم سے باصرار لکھوایا، وہ راسخ العقیدہ اور پابند مذہب مرد مومن تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک نامور اور شائستہ غزل گو شاعر اٹھ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس صاحبِ دل شاعر کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۱ء)
Islam is a complete code of life for the humanity. It provides guidance in all aspects of human activity. It guides human being in its economic system, social life, in all worships, in family life and in political set up. State is an institution like others which is a tool for mankind to serve its needs in the best possible ways. Islam does not consider a state designed by Allah and in fact leaves the system open to human intellect, to form a mechanism according to the teachings of the scriptures and needs of the time. The guiding principles of Islam stress on proper utilizations of state machinery and authority to the satisfaction of people and to fulfill dictates of Allah’s directions. Islam forbids utilization of public offices for personal benefits. Islamic traditions instructed that the state officials must learn from the principle of Islam as exemplified in the state at the city of Medina; it additionaly shaped its characters as well. The present article is an attempt to highlight the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that he gave from time to time and ensured its applications letter and spirit.
The existence of inefficiencies in health care provision is a major health policy concern in the developing countries. Health system of Pakistan mainly constitutes public and private sectors and the private sector covers almost 70 percent of the population. Increasing role of private sector and burden of out of pocket health expenditures highlight the need to investigate the performance of hospitals of private sector. In the first chapter, this study has estimated the technical efficiency of private hospitals of Pakistan for ambulatory services and inpatients care. The data has been used from a survey conducted by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics in 2010-11. Efficiency scores are estimated using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. At second stage, we have explored whether private hospitals in Pakistan increase their efficiency in response to an enhancement in neighboring regions efficiency level. This spatial regression analysis has been done using Spatial Lag Model and Spatial Error Model. We find that efficiency scores of Pakistan’s private hospitals are quite low. Not a single hospital is found to be working on full efficiency level. Moreover, the findings of the second stage analysis showed that efficiency has a positive spillover for Outpatient care for small hospitals. Contrary to it, big hospitals have spatial dependence in inpatients care. We concluded that small hospitals compete in outpatients department with the motive of profit maximization, whereas big hospitals compete in inpatients care with the same motive. In the second chapter, this study has estimated the technical efficiency of public hospitals in Pakistan for obstetric services. The data is taken from the Health Facility Assessment Survey which was conducted by ministry of health, Pakistan in 2010-11. Efficiency scores are estimated using parametric technique Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The relationship between efficiency and quality is explored using Least Square Dummy Variables (LSDV) and Two-Stage Residual Inclusion (2SRI). The efficiency scores of Pakistan’s public hospitals in obstetric services are found to be quite low. Moreover, the relationship between a hospital’s efficiency and the quality of service it provides is found to be positive and statistically significant. We concluded that risk of maternal and neonatal mortality is lower in more efficient hospitals as compared to the less efficient ones. The findings have policy implication that efficiency gains can be achieved without the loss of quality of services provided by the hospitals. An effective healthcare system can operate properly if it considers patients’ perceptions (perceived quality) and modifies itself according to the feedback. The assessment of patients’ point of view (perceptions) not only is important to identify the problems in quality assessment, but it will also provide a way forward towards improvement in the existing condition of public healthcare system. In the third chapter, this study has explored the relationship between technical efficiency of health care units (DHQs hospitals), and the patients’ perceptions about the quality of services with respect to mother and child health. The data on patient’s perceptions’ and other control variables are taken from Client Exit Interviews that was part of HFA survey. Three techniques are used to form satisfaction index such as equal weights, Principal Component Analysis and Polychoric Principal Component Analysis for robustness. Two stage residual inclusion, Ordered Logistic Regression and Least square dummy variable techniques are used to investigate the relation between technical efficiency of a hospital and patients satisfaction level. The findings of this chapter reveal negative association exists between efficiency and patients’ perceptions which indicates with the increase in hospital efficiency, the satisfaction level of the patients tends to decrease. According to the findings of disaggregated analysis, the patients’ level of satisfaction which is associated with the healthcare provider attitude is more affected by the technical efficiency.