پروفیسر آرنلڈ
پچھلے مہینے کی علمی سوانح میں دو فاضلوں کی وفات کا سانحہ خاص طور سے اہم ہے، ان میں سے ایک مغرب نژاد اور دوسرا مشرقی تھا، پہلے کو ہندوستان اور ہندوستان کے مسلمان پروفیسر آرنلڈ کے نام سے جانتے ہیں، یہ فلسفہ کے عالم ہونے کے ساتھ عربی اور اسلامیات کے بھی ماہر تھے، یہ ہندوستان آکر پہلے اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں فلسفہ کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے، اور پھر بعد کو محمڈن کالج علی گڑھ میں پروفیسر ہوکر آئے اور یہیں ان کی شہرت کا ستارہ چمکا، ان کی خاص خصوصیت علم کے ساتھ ان کا حسن اخلاق تھا، وہ مشرقی علماء کے ساتھ ہمیشہ گھل مل کر رہتے، اور لاہور ہو یا علی گڑھ ہر جگہ انھوں نے اپنے رفیق علماء سے کچھ سیکھا اور ان کو کچھ سکھایا، اور خصوصیت کے ساتھ لاہور میں قاضی ظفرالدین صاحب مرحوم اور علی گڑھ میں مولانا شبلی نعمانی مرحوم کے ساتھ ان کے دوستانہ اور علمی تعلقات رہے، اور ان واقعات کا نتیجہ لاہور میں ان کی تالیف السواء السبیل فی معرفۃ العرب والدخیل اور علی گڑھ میں ان کی مشہور تصنیف دعوت اسلام ہے۔
مولانا شبلی مرحوم اور ان میں تعلقات ٹھیک استاد اور شاگرد کے تھے، مگر یہ فیصلہ مشکل ہے کہ ان میں استاد کون اور شاگرد کون تھا، مولانا نے ان سے کچھ فرنچ سیکھی تھی، اور انھوں نے ان سے عربی ، مولانا مرحوم کے سفرترکی میں سمرناتک وہی رفیقِ سفر تھے، مولانا نے اپنے سفرنامہ میں اس کا حال لکھا ہے، سفر روم والے فارسی قصیدہ میں لکھتے ہیں،
آرنلڈ آنکہ رفیق است وہم استاد مرا
استاد کے استاد سے ۱۹۲۰ء میں لندن میں میری ملاقات ہوئی تھی، وہ اس وقت انڈیا آفس سے متعلق تھے، مولانا مرحوم کے تعلق کے سبب سے مجھ سے بڑی محبت سے پیش...
Great lineage, good manners, trustworthiness, sincerity, courage and bravery, obedience, generosity, modesty, humility, thankfulness, absolute trust in Allah, education and upbringing, affection and compassion towards the elderly, the youth, slaves and animals, the regard for truth, the endurance and patience etc. Are such features that at them neither was the match for the Holy Master (saw) born, nor will any such person be ever born. In addition, let alone friends, his enemies were helpless to hold him as-Sadiq (the Truthful) and al-Ameen (the Trustworthy) due to these and many other great attributes; and they would say: Muhammad is not a liar at all, but we can’t believe in him as a prophet sent by Allah. Moreover, even a non-Muslim or polytheist has never criticized his character to this day, nor will anybody do till the judgment day. Whenever the greatest personalities of the world were listed or somebody committed to writing on the said topic, the Holy Prophet (saw) remained at the top of the list. Drawing of the swords of father and son against each other, the change of the standard of friendship and enmity, fighting of master and his slave against each other, chanting the slogan of Ahad-Ahad (the only One, the only One) on the blazing sand, giving priority to martyrdom over the utterance of a word of unbelief, taking a husband away from his wife and separating a mother from her infant, deforming the condition after a blasphemous blow on the blessed face, forced migration to Habsha (Abyssinia) at times, and laying siege to Shb-e-Abi Talib (the valley of Abi Talib) at times.
The present study was aimed at evaluating the insecticidal efficacy of different microbial agents against Helicoverpa armigera, the voracious pest of tomato. The study comprised of the series of experiments conducted to determine the extent of field evolved resistance in H. armigera against conventional and new chemistry insecticides, to evaluate the endophytic capacity of Beauveria bassiana into tomato plants, to evaluate the lethal action of B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and HaNPV under laboratory, green house and field conditions against H. armigera. Finally the effect of microbial agents was determined on the survival of natural allies, and the economics of application of microbial agents was calculated from yield harvested. Endophytic colonization of B. bassiana not only lowered the damage infestation of H. armigera but also improved the plant health. Synergistic effect (CTF≥20) on the mortality was observed when larvae were exposed to simultaneous application of higher concentration of B. bassiana and lower concentration of B. thuringiensis both in case of second and fourth instar H. armigera larvae. Lower concentration of B. bassiana yielded additive effect in combination with Bt. Higher concentration of NPV also integrates synergistically with lower concentration of Bt. Lower concentration of NPV works independently with higher and lower concentration of Bt. Percent pupation, adult emergence and egg eclosion from surviving individuals was found inversely correlated to toxic level of microbial agents. Increase in larval and pupal duration while decrease in pupal weight and adult duration was recorded depending upon the lethal action of the applied agent. The toxic nature of microbial agents also influenced the weight gain, frass production and diet consumption. Foliar application of B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis was found significantly persistent up to 12 days and mortality of second and fourth instar larvae was decreased with the time. Microbial agents in simultaneous application are proved to be effective in lowering the larval density of H. armigera and hence lowering the yield losses. Microbial agents are relatively safe to natural enemies of H. armigera and hence proved to be eco-safe agents. Maximum marginal return was obtained in combined application of microbial agents than their individual application