It is a common matter among many languages of the world that a language has an influence on one another, the same as phenomenon of linguistic borrowings is present in all languages and will be as long as different languages and contacts, direct or indirect, between their speakers exist. The term of "linguistic borrowing", according to linguists, means borrowing a word from a donor language, adaptation of this word and incorporating it into a recipient language. Therefore, in Polish language we find 845 words which have been borrowed from Arabic and entered into Polish language indirectly through other languages, such as: French, Spanish or Turkish, or directly through contacts between Arabs and Poles. At first glance at history of Poland and the Arab world it seems there is no cultural or linguistic link between them, nevertheless, in Polish language there are many lexical borrowings from Arabic which have been incorporated since 14th century through trade contacts, wars and settlement of Tatars in Poland. The research study which examines the link between these two languages is very rare due to Poles' lack of proficiency in Arabic, as well as Arabs' lack of proficiency in Polish. That is why, the need of creating a scientific research that describes the process of lexical borrowings from Arabic to Polish language, presents examples of such borrowings and explains the way of their entry into Polish, emerged in my mind. I believe that this research study titled "Arabic words used in Polish language (analytical and semantic study)" is going to be useful for Arab readers to make them realize the link between both languages, as well as it is going to be beneficial for linguists and researchers from both cultures and helpful for students of Arabic and Polish language in understanding the effect which Arabic had on forming Polish language. Linguists of Polish language do not take the issue of Arabic words used in Polish very often. The main Polish linguist who put a lot of effort into examining this topic in detail is Dr. Waclaw Przemyslaw Turek, the orientalist of Jagiellonski. University in Cracow, Poland. He wrote few articles about the adaptation of words borrowed from Arabic and incorporated into Polish language and a dictionary called "Slownik zapoZyczen pochodzenia arabskiego w polszczyinie". (Translation: Dictionary of Arabic loanwords used in Polish language) which is the main source of information on this particular topic in my research. This research study examines the words which have been borrowed from Arabic and are used till now in Polish language in an analytical and semantic way, presents the direct or indirect way of their entry into Polish, shows examples of lexical borrowings from Arabic into Polish with the indication of an Arabic origin word and explains the historical aspect of an adaptation of the borrowed word if known.
Islam is a complete code of life which provides complete guidance in all aspects of human life. The discipline of economics was given particular importance in Islam as most of the human activities revolved around it that could also be seen practically around the globe. The major responsibility of under taking the financial matters was laid on men according to teachings of Islam. The core purpose of this academic work was to explore the Islamic view point about the woman economic activities. The study was basically designed to address that whether Islam permitted women to take part in economic affairs or not? The article provided a guideline for cotemporary women in the light of economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt that how the today’s women could take part into various domains of financial matters by keeping in view the life and economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt. The descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that men were primarily responsible for economic matters, however women could do the job by following the instruction of Islamic teachings. It was also found that the women could actively take part in various economic fields including; trade, agriculture, medical science, and education. In the light of above findings the research recommended that Government should take some serious measures by making economic arrangements and providing Islamic environment for work in order to accommodate the needy, poor, widows and oppressed women of society. On one hand, it would be beneficial for the financial support of their family while on the other hand, enhance the production of country. Finally it must be kept in view that family system should not be ruined due to job of a woman.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a material of interest for extensive research due to its numerous beneficial properties and wide range of applications. In this work, thin films of ZnO have been deposited by rf magnetron sputtering. The effect of varying thickness on the structural properties of the films have been studied. The crystallinity shows improvement with increasing thickness. The surface morphology is granular for all films and roughness increases with increasing thickness. Nanorods of ZnO have been synthesized via hydrothermal route. It has been shown that the diameter of nanorods increases with increasing solution concentration and with increasing thickness of seed layer. However the diameter decreases with increasing roughness of the seed layers. The number density shows inverse behavior to that of diameter. The covered area and growth rates of nanorods were also estimated. Use of thick seed layers and higher solution concentration led to formation of film like array of nanorods covering almost the entire substrate surface. A new model has been proposed for the growth of ZnO nanorods. This model is based on the Avrami model and estimates the number density of nanorods as a function of solution concentration. To the best of the author’s knowledge, Avrami equations have not been modified for nanostructures in terms of solution concentration. Zinc Acetate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Trisodium Citrate have been used to modify the structure of nanorods. Each agent had a different influence on the structure evolution of ZnO nanostructures. The growth mechanism in the presence of these agents have been discussed in detail. Use of Sodium Dodecyl sulphate and Trisodium Citrate have shown potential for growth of continuous granular films via the simple and inexpensive hydrothermal method.