Educational Philosophy Imam Al-Ghazali’s Perspective

Islam is a divine religion. It is based on divine revelation (Holy Quran) and sunnah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ. As a religion it is a complete code of life. It does not deal with worships only but addresses all fields of life. Like Beliefs and worship, Islam focuses on education also. As a last and chosen religion, it motivates human beings to seek knowledge. The first word of the first revelation (Chapter Al-alaq) starts with Iqra means Read. In first five ayat of chapter Al-alaq, the basic requirement for enhance of education (Read, knowledge and pen) have been mentioned six times. Similarly, the Holy Prophet r took many steps for imparting education. In this connection, the example of first residential university (Suffa’h) is sufficient. Imam Ghazali one of the most famous Muslim thinkers discusses the education in his books in detail. He was born in 448 AH (1057 CE) at Tabaran a town in the district of Tus, which lies within the Khorasan Province of Iran and died on 18 December (1111 CE). In this article knowledge, its classification, stages, curriculum, art of teaching, responsibility of both teachers as well as students have been discussed in the light of Imam Ghazali educational philosophy.

Investigating Machine Learning Based Prediction of Protein Interactions

Protein interactions are crucial in the cell for performing cellular functions and the study of protein interactions is a very important domain of research in bioinformatics. In reference to protein interactions, biologists are usually interested in three core problems: determining pairwise protein interactions, determination of binding affinity, and identification of the interface. Computational methods to solve these protein interaction problems have emerged as an active research area due to tedious, costly, and time-consuming experimental procedures. Our aim in this work is to develop novel machine learning based methods for protein interaction, binding affinity and interaction prediction with improved generalization performance. In this dissertation, we have developed host-pathogen protein interaction predictors using machine learning. One of our findings is that existing methods for protein interaction prediction that use K-fold cross-validation for performance assessment report over-estimated accuracy values as K-fold cross-validation does not take pairwise protein similarity between training and test examples into account. To control this data redundancy at pathogen protein level, we have proposed and advocated the use of an alternate evaluation scheme called Leave One Pathogen Protein Out (LOPO) cross-validation along with some biologist centric metrics for designing protein-protein interaction prediction methods. We have also designed a novel machine learning model called CaMELS (CalModulin intEraction Learning System) for interaction and interaction site prediction of Calmodulin (CaM) which is a very important and highly conserved protein across all eukaryotes. CaMELS relies on a novel implementation of multiple instance learning solver for protein binding site prediction that leads to significant improvement in predictive performance. One of our collaborators has confirmed the effectiveness of CaMELS through wet-lab experiments as well. We have also focused on the more generic problem of predicting binding affinity in protein interactions and presented various sequence-based machine learning models. xxiv For this purpose, we have developed a novel machine learning method which is based on the framework of Learning Using Privileged Information (LUPI). Our state-of-the-art method uses protein 3D structure as privileged information at training time while expecting only protein sequence information during testing. This makes our machine learning method flexible by allowing it to leverage protein structure information during training while requiring only protein sequence information during testing. We have also developed a webserver for an existing state-of-the-art protein-protein interface prediction method called PAIRPred. The accuracy of this webserver has also been validated by our collaborators through wet-lab experiments as well.