THE COMPARISON BETWEEN STUDENTS' PHYSICS LEARNING OUTCOMES IN FACE TO FACE (OFFLINE) AND ONLINE LEARNING MODEL

This study aims to compare the learning outcomes of physics taught using face-to-face learning models with online learning models at Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu City in the academic year of 2021/2022. In this study, the X1 variable consists of the face-to-face model, the X2 variable is the online learning model, and the Y variable consists of the results of learning Physics. This study used quantitative research with comparative analysis techniques. The subject of the research was students of X IPA 1 at Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu, which is totaling 25 students. Data collection was carried out using student learning outcomes tests, observation, and documentation. The method used for the analysis of hypothesis testing is the paired sample t-test. Descriptive, normality, and homogeneity tests were used for data analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in the learning outcomes of Physics subjects between face-to-face learning and the online learning model for class X IPA1 Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu in the academic year of 2021/2022. The results of the descriptive analysis calculation show that there is a difference between the Physics Learning Outcomes Taught Using the Face-to-Face Learning Model and the Online Learning Model in class X IPA1 in the academic year 2021/2022. This shows that the face-to-face learning model is more effective than the online learning model in physics subjects.

Formulation of Us Foreign Policy for India and Pakistan: An Investigation of Variation in Aprroaches of Democratic and Republican Parties 1989-2012

Foreign policy has great importance in every part of history because it had played a significant role to transform the modern international world and its politics. In the past as well as in the present states have different behaviors and their foreign policies, hawkish and dovish, isolation and cooperation, alignment and de-alignment. These behaviors not only play a vital role to understand the relations between states but also help to understand that how the state’s internal values influence on foreign policy. It is a fact that foreign policy of the state also reflects its internal conditions and has some variation because the government of the state deals with both internal and external affairs of the country and follows the particular values and customs (which grow up within the boundary of states) for making the policies. It is considered that the US, under the Republican and Democratic eras, has not any variation on foreign policy matters and has similar interests and objectives under both administrations. It is true that the objectives of the US foreign policy do not change with the regime change from one party to another party in the US but it is wrong to say that both parties have the same approach to achieve the objectives. Two major ideologies Conservative and Liberalism are highly dominant in American politics, public, and its political parties. Republican follows the Conservative approach (Hamiltonians) while the Democrats deal the (internal and external) matters with the Liberal approach (Jeffersonian). So these features of the US foreign policy have a great influence on India and Pakistan relations with the US. Republican Party gives importance to foreign policy and playsa strong role in international politics. However, Pakistan is more suitable for fulfilling its national interest i.e. security alliances during Cold War, fought proxy war in Afghanistan in 1981 and the war against terrorism after 9/11, because it has also known as conservatives. On the other side, Indian attract the Democrats because they have a strong democracy and secular based constitution. Thus, duringthe era of Roosevelt, Kennedy, Carter, Clinton and Obama India has enjoyed good relation with the US than Republicans, and Pakistan had played a significant role during Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, and G.W. Bush presidency. During these eras, Pakistan received a lot of economic and military aid which was helpful to stabilize the economic situation of Pakistan on the other side it has also faced sanctions and embargos during Democrats.