Impact of Covid-19 on Interest Rates

The global economy is experiencing a crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the stock market index has collapsed. The rupiah exchange rate against the USA dollar weakened this was due to the large number of foreign investors leaving the Indonesian financial market, the stock market plummeted. The banking sector can carry out an economic stimulus given restructuring authority for all credit or financing without requiring restrictions on the credit ceiling or type of debtor, especially debtors for MSMEs and informal workers. The economic stimulus that needs to be maximized is prundential monetary and macro policies through lowering interest rates and maintaining stability in the rupiah exchange rate. Budget relocation is also enforced to maintain the availability of basic foodstuffs for the community, which has increased due to panic buying or market panic. Also providing assistance to increase people's purchasing power.

Fluency Enhancing and Fluency Hampering Factors in English and Their Effect on the Listening Comprehension of Pakistani Learners of English

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fluency enhancing and fluency hampering factors in English on the listening comprehension of the Pakistani learners. English is not taught as a language in most educational institutes in Pakistan. It is treated as a subject. Naturally, its phonological aspect is badly ignored. This, later, affects the competence and performance of the learners. Before starting the research, the researcher had claimed that where the fluency enhancing features of English helped its native speakers in accelerating their verbal speed, they affected the aural comprehension of the Pakistani learners of it. Similarly, the fluency hampering factors in English also affected their listening comprehension. Based on this claim, the researcher formulated the hypothesis: Language learners who are taught listening skills with the help of fluency enhancing and fluency hampering factors of English perform better in aural comprehension than those language learners who are not taught through these factors. Using a quasi- experimental design the researcher conducted the study on two groups -one control group and the other experimental group. The design had the following stages: Pre-test treatment Post-test. The pre-test was set to assess the existing aural abilities of the members of the groups. T-test was used to know the significance or insignificance of the data. It was followed by the treatment that spanned over two months. During this period the researcher treated the experimental group with the help of eight model lesson plans, all focusing on fluency enhancing or fluency hampering factors in English. After the treatment, the post-test was conducted and the data were analyzed by using the t-test again. The results of the pre-test and the post- test of the both groups were compared. It was found that the experimental group (n = 15) achieved significantly higher score [t (28) = 10.16, p > .001] than the control group (n = 15).It was concluded that the fluency enhancing and fluency hampering factors affected the listening comprehension of the Pakistani learners of English and that students could overcome this problem if they were treated properly despite the fact that there were a number of independent variables.