پروفیسر نثار احمد فاروقی
دارالمصنفین، شبلی اکیڈمی میں ۲۹؍ نومبر ۲۰۰۴ء کو علامہ شبلیؒ سمینار کا چوتھا اجلاس ہورہا تھا کہ یہ افسوس ناک خبر ملی کہ جید عالم اور اردو کے محقق، نقاد اور ادیب جناب نثار احمد فاروقی ۲۷ و ۲۸ نومبر کی درمیانی شب میں انتقال کرگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون، ان کی لاش دہلی سے امروہہ لائی گئی اور ۲۸؍ نومبر کو اپنے آبائی قبرستان میں سپرد خاک کردیے گئے۔
وہ بڑے صحت مند تھے مگر پچھلے کئی برس سے طبیعت خراب رہنے لگی تھی، گزشتہ سال جنوری کے آخر میں ان کے گھر ملاقات کے لیے گیا تو مجھے بہت مضمحل معلوم ہوئے، دریافت کرنے پر بتایا کہ رات ہی بمبئی سے آیا ہوں، وسط مارچ میں رام پور رضا لائبریری کے سمینار میں ملے تب بھی کچھ سست اور بجھے بجھے دکھائی دیے تاہم ان کی تقریر اب بھی کانوں میں گونج رہی ہے، دلی سے ان کا جاننے والا کوئی آتا تو وہ بھی ان کی علالت کا ذکر کرتا، دارالمصنفین کے سمینار میں اسی لئے شروع میں ان کو زحمت دینے میں تامل ہورہا تھا مگر ان کو مجھ سے اور دارالمصنفین سے جو لگاؤ تھا، اس کی وجہ سے طبیعت نہ مانی اور دعوت نامہ بھیج دیا، اسی دوران اخباروں میں پڑھا کہ وہ پروفیسر گوپی چند نارنگ کے ہم راہ دوحہ (قطر) ایوارڈ لینے گئے ہیں، اس لیے ایک عزیز کو دستی خط دے کر اصرار کیا کہ آپ تشریف لاکر مفتخر فرمائیں، خطوط کا جواب وہ فوراً دیتے تھے مگر اس دفعہ کسی خط کا جواب نہیں آیا، جب سمینار میں دہلی اور دوسری جگہوں سے لوگ آنے لگے تو جناب شعیب اعظمی نے جو بٹلہ ہاؤس میں ان کے قریب ہی میں رہتے ہیں بتایا کہ وہ سخت بیمار ہیں، آنے کے لائق نہیں...
Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.
The Fractional Calculus has been attractive and hot topic among the researchers since 18th century, because of its extensive application in differential and integral equations and other disciplines of mathematics, physics and economics. The motivation of this thesis is to extend the fractional integrals and derivatives, particularly Hadamard fractional integral, and to establish basic properties of the extended fractional integral operators. The application of the extended operators involving the formation of the fractional integral inequalities and solutions of fractional integral equations is focussed in the work. The first chapter includes the introductory background of the fractional calculus. The appropriate literature pertaining to the fractional calculus, involving the theoretical and practical aspects of fractional differential and fractional integral operators has been reviewed. In the second chapter, we have listed symbols, notations and the basic results that are used throughout the dissertation. A number of inequalities involving the Holder’s inequality and AM-GM inequality have been presented. We have defined an extended form of Hadamard fractional integral and have called it Hadamard k-fractional integral. We have also discussed a number of properties of the extended integral operator. In the third chapter, we have established numerous fractional integral inequalities involving the inequalities of Chebyshev functional using the notion of synchronous functions, asynchronous functions, and the like. In the fourth chapter, we have presented some inequalities involving the rearrangement inequalities. On the basis of AM-GM, Holder and the rearrangement inequalities, we have established many fractional integral inequalities related to the extended operator. In the fifth chapter, we have introduced a number of extensions of the fractional integral operators involving the Hadamard type fractional operators. We have discussed the properties of the extended operators involving the semigroup property and commutative law. We have also considered the Mellin transforms and boundedness of some of the extended operators. In the sixth chapter, we have introduced extended fractional derivatives related to the extended fractional integral operators and have discussed their compositions. In the seventh chapter, we have presented some integral equations and have found their solutions using some of the extended fractional integral operators. We have also illustrated the use of some of the extended fractional calculus operators in finding solutions of fractional differential equations.