The study aimed at finding out the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among
government primary school teachers in District Rawalpindi. The study was based on the following objectives:
to find out the factors of organizational climate of primary school teachers, to find out the level of job
satisfaction of primary school teachers, to identify the relationship of organizational climate with job
satisfaction among primary school teachers, to find out the difference of various demographic variables with
respect to qualification, age and experience in organizational climate of primary school teachers, and to
determine the difference regarding of various demographic variables such as qualification, age and experience
on job satisfaction of primary school teachers.
The study was delimited to female govt. primary school teachers of Tehsil Rawalpindi. Population of the study
consisted of total 1910 female government primary school teachers working in 160 Government Primary
schools located in Tehsil Rawalpindi. Simple random sampling technique was used. Four hundred female govt.
primary school teachers were selected randomly as sample of the study. Two questionnaires each for
assessing organizational climate and job satisfaction of teachers were modified by the researcher with the
help of supervisor. Then these were validated through pilot-testing. The researcher collected the data herself.
Collected data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16.
Major conclusions of the study were: There was significant positive relationship between organizational
climate and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. On the basis of conclusions following
recommendations are made: Production emphasis has an important role in the success of any organization
so it is recommended that head teachers should focus on production emphasis in their schools as their first
and foremost priority. Head teachers and teachers should also focus on intimacy, esprit, consideration and
thrust in their schools. Their school climate should be free from aloofness, disengagement and hindrance
behavior of head teachers and teachers. Job satisfaction plays a key role in any organization.
It is recommended that top management attitude should be positive, appreciative, welcoming and rewarding
for teachers. Promotion possibilities and good pay structure should be given priority in order to get better
results.
مولانا ظفر علی خان (۱۹۵۶۔۱۸۷۳ء) سیالکوٹ کے ایک چھوٹے سے دیہات کوٹ مہرتھ میں پیدا ہوئے (1) آپ کے والد کا نام مولوی سراج الدین تھا۔ ابتدائی تعلیم مشن اسکول وزیر آباد سے حاصل کی۔ علی گڑھ کالج سے بی۔اے کیا۔(2) علامہ شبلی نعمانی اور پروفیسر آرنلڈ آپ کے بہترین اساتذہ میں سرِفہرست تھے۔(3) مولانا ظفر علی خان کو حیدر آباد میں داغ دہلوی کی صحبت بھی میسر آئی لیکن علامہ شبلی کی نصیحت پر داغ کا رنگ اختیار نہ کیا۔(4)شاعری کے ساتھ ساتھ آپ نے صحافت میں بھی بڑا نام پیدا کیا۔ آپ نے ‘‘زمیندار’’ اور ‘‘ستارہ صبح’’ کے علاوہ بہت زیادہ اخبارات و رسائل نکالے جن کی شہرت سارے برصغیر میں پھیلی۔ ظفر علی خان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ‘‘بہار ستان’’ کے نام سے شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعہ میں ان کی شاعری کا ابتدائی اردو اور فارسی کلام شامل ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ حمد باری’ نعت و استغاثہ’ اسلام’ اسلامی روایات’ ستارہ صبح کے دور کی نظمیں’ نوحے اور مرثیے جیسی ترتیب سے مرتب کیا گیا ہے۔ دوسرے شعری مجموعے کا نام ‘‘نگار ستاں’’ ہے۔ اس مجموعہ کلام میں سیاسی و فلسفیانہ شاعری’ طنزیہ نگاری اور صحافتی شاعری کے ساتھ ساتھ ادبی مرصع کاری کے شاہکار نظر آتے ہیں۔ اس میں بہت سے معاصرین کے تذکرے اور قلمی خاکے موجود ہیں۔ ‘‘چمنستان’’ آپ کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے اس مجموعے میں رطب و یا بس شامل نہیں ہے بلکہ یہ مجموعہ ان کے منتخب کلام پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس مجموعے میں ان کی وہ بہترین نظمیں اور قطعات ہیں جن کی سیاسی’ اسلامی اور معاشرتی لحاظ سے بڑی اہمیت ہے۔ ظفر علی خان کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ‘‘خیالستان’’ کے نام سے شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے میں سیاسی نظمیں بالکل نہیں ہیں البتہ چھ غزلیں سیاسی وادبی رنگ لئے ہوئے...
Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC. It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.
In wireless cognitive radio networks, natural antagonism arises among unlicensed users when nodes opportunistically compete for unused frequency bands and the operations are seriously hampered by acute scarcity of resources. The transmitted power, which is inherently pertinent to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, cog- nition methodology, and lack of central management, must be preserved for longer network lifetime. In the midst of this struggle to acquire desired frequency band, where the performance of the entire network is dependent upon the behavior and etiquette exhibited by individual nodes, it is pivotal to introduce an e ective cooper- ation mechanism in order to improve the vital network parameters. In this work, we employ the concepts of game theory to develop an e cient and sustainable coopera- tion mechanism for e cient cognition and improved spectrum utilization. Instead of focusing merely on the interference a user observes, cooperation is ensured by taking into consideration the amount of interference a user creates for other network users. With the introduction of unlicensed users in licensed bands, the operations and interests of licensed users need to be protected, hence the spectrum owners are given an advantage and control over the multiple access policy. We address the problems in spectrum access and channel selection equilibrium in a leader-follower setup. In contrast to the game formulations that lack e cient power and pricing schemes, we present a cooperative Stackelberg potential game for cognitive players. A dynamic cost function is articulated to induce awareness in players to mitigate the e ects of sel sh choices in spectrum access while at the same time steer the distributive network towards achieving Nash equilibrium. The proposed scheme is mutually bene cial for i ii all players and focuses on improving the network performance and power e ciency. We design the network potential function such that the nodes have performance based incentives to cooperate and achieve a Nash equilibrium solution for e cient channel acquisition and capacity. Simulation results show fast convergence in channel selection strategies and increase in capacity for the entire network. In order to avoid anarchy in this uncontrolled and sometimes hostile environment, it is important to inhibit the nodes in making potentially risky decisions that may eventually jeopardize the stability and performance of the entire network. We present a game theoretic approach to combat the e ects of uncontrolled and sel sh behav- ior exhibited by cognitive network nodes. A sustainable solution is proposed that employs nonlinear learning in conjunction with potential function to alleviate the im- plications of disruptive behavior that is usually demonstrated in the access of scarce spectrum resources. The regret information in decision making is exploited along with history statistics to minimize information exchange and achieve swift convergence of strategies. Moreover, incorporating learning allows the cognitive players to select the channels in a simultaneous fashion instead of waiting for their turns to change their channel choices. This considerably reduces the delay in achieving network stability.