نواب عالی مرحوم
صاحبزادہ مرزا حاجی ضمیر الدین صاحب عالی مرحوم نواب علاء الدین خاں صاحب علائی کے چوتھے اورسب سے چھوٹے لڑکے تھے۔مرحوم میں وہ تمام خوبیاں موجود تھیں جواگلے بزرگوں میں ہوتی تھیں۔ وہ خاندان کے ایک ایسے فرد تھے جن کی موت نے خاندان پریہ واضح کردیا کہ اب اس کمی کوپورا کرنا بالکل ناممکن ہے۔
میرے رشتے کے ماموں تھے لیکن ان کی بزرگانہ شفقت ایسی تھی کہ حقیقی ماموؤں سے بڑھ کر تھی۔عربی فارسی کے متبحر عالم تھے نہ صرف عالم تھے بلکہ عالم باعمل۔ ان کے دل میں خدا کی تمام مخلوق کے دکھ سکھ کاپورا پورا خیال تھا۔ان کی موت سے بہت سی لاوارث عورتیں شکستہ دل ہوئیں اور بیکس یتیم بے سہارا رہ گئے۔ مرحوم کے حالات ذیل ان کے بھتیجے صاحبزادہ شمس الدین احمدخاں صاحب دیوان ریاست لوہارونے لکھ کر بھیجے ہیں جس کے لیے میں موصوف کی شکرگزار ہوں۔
آپ ۱۶؍دسمبر ۱۸۶۷ء کودہلی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ فخرالدولہ نواب علاء الدین احمدخاں بہادر فرمانروائے لوہارو کے پانچویں فرزند اورسب سے چھوٹے بیٹے تھے۔ آپ کے باپ نے پیدائش کے وقت اپنی بیاض میں یہ درج فرمالیا تھا: ’’ تولدپسرِکامگار ہوشیار مرزا ضمیر الدین احمدخاں طال عمرہ درساعتِ سُنبلہ از بطنِ شمس النسا بیگم۔
مرزا غالب کے تعلقِ خاص کی تقریب سے نواب علاء الدین احمدخاں علائی کو دنیا جانتی ہے۔ شمس النساء بیگم دخترِ نواب جلال الدین خاں نبیرۂ امیرالامراء نواب نجیب الدولہ رئیس نجیب آباد ہیں۔ مرزا ضمیرالدین احمدخاں کی تعلیم وتربیت زیرِ نگرانی والد بزرگوار ہوئی۔بعض استاد ایرانی تھے۔ مثلاً مرزا ابو طالب شیرازی ابن سید ہاشم نجفی۔ نوعمری میں گھوڑے کی سواری کاشوق ہوا۔ لوہارومیں جرنیل صاحب کے لقب سے مشہور ہوئے۔ گھوڑوں کی شناخت میں کمال رکھتے تھے۔اسلحہ کی شناخت میں خاص مہارت تھی۔خود گولی، بارود اور بندوق کی ٹوپیاں بنالیتے تھے۔ ریاست...
Christian missionary scholarship on Islam and the Qur’an in Nigeria dates back to the advent of Christianity in the country. The reason was that Islam had become well established and indigenized in most parts of northern Nigeria and south Western Nigeria, and the Qur’an provides Muslims with information on Christianity and its doctrines. Thus, Islam became a serious obstacle to their endeavour. The early 20th century Christian Missionaries therefore, held that they could only get to the Muslims through the learning and research on the Qur’an. This spurred them to produce works on the Qur’an. Joseph Kenny was a Christian Missionary who was sent to Nigeria in 1964 through the directive of the Holy See, to assist the Catholic Church in reaching the Muslims in Nigeria. He underwent trainings in the fields of Arabic and Islamic Studies, and was able to produce more than 170 works on different areas of Islamic Studies. This paper critically examines some of his views on the Qur’an, as compared to the views of other Christian missionary scholars of Qur’an and thus elaborates on the misrepresentations contained in them.
Polyaniline Graphene Oxide (PANI-GO) composites have been synthesized through simple and scalable oxidative in-situ emulsion polymerization route. Reaction parameters were optimized by varying the concentrations of monomer, acid, oxidant and graphene oxide to obtain composites with optimum performance. Different structural and morphological features of the composited were characterized through Ultra Violet–Visible (UV-Visible) and Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis. TGA showed very good thermal stability. To further access the thermal properties and calculate energy of activation for degradation of samples Horowitz and Metzger methods were used. Highest thermal stability and energy of activation for degradation was depicted by PANI-GO-6. High thermal stability enables PANI-GO composite to be utilized at high temperature applications. Conductivity measurements of the synthesized materials demonstrated that small amount of GO increases the conductivity of composites when compared with pristine PANI. This might be due to synergistic effect of PANI and GO in resulting composites. These results are also consistent with electrochemical analysis. Electrochemical and supercapacitor properties were analyzed through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in three electrode setup using aqueous H2SO4. The CV and GCD curves suggested the material to be supercapacitive with low internal resistance. The nearly vertical arm of the AC impedance in the low frequency region depicted excellent capacitive behavior, representative of fast ion diffusion and adsorption in/on the electrode material. Nyquist plot showed very low solution resistance, Rs, charge transfer, Rct, and equivalent series resistance, ESR, for PANIGO-6. The low Rct is beneficial for fast charge transfer and allows for more charge storage. Form Bode plots the phase angle value is 86.340 which is closer to that of an ideal capacitor. The lower time constant value (0.630 s) provides evidence for faster ion diffusion and transport inside the whole inner structures. Symmetric, asymmetric and solid state devices were fabricated by using selected PANI-GO samples as electrode material. In symmetric device CV, was carried out at a scan rate of 10 mV/s at potential window form 0 to 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 V. Then at a scan rate of 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mV/s at potential range from 0-0.9 V. CVs were almost rectangular in shape and retained its shape even at high scan rates thus showed electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC) and high rate capability. GCD analysis showed capacitance value of 264 F/g at 1 A/g and retained its value 84.09 % at high current density (10 A/g) with excellent rate performance. EIS analysis showed lower Rct, Rs, ESR and t0 which are consistent with other results. The material was active upto 2000 charge discharge cycles. To further access its performance asymmetric device was fabricated. It showed excellent capacitive properties with extended potential window up to 1.2 V. GCD analysis showed excellent stability and columbic efficacy. To achieve cost affective energy storage appliances, symmetric devices using copper and steel current collectors were also fabricated. Their response as was quite good and is a step towards reducing the cost of energy storage devices. Further to overcome the leakage problem associated with liquid electrolytes solid state devices were also fabricated using poly(vinyl alcohol-H2SO4) (PVA-H2SO4) gel electrolyte. Thus, the synthesized composites can be used for high temperature applications due to its excellent stability and can be utilized in aqueous symmetric, asymmetric, symmetric solid state devices using different current collectors.