اسلامی فوجداریت کا ضابطۂ قرائن

Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Exclusively Breastfed Infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency in infants is a recognized cause of rickets. In the last few years, evidence has emerged of its association with lower respiratory tract infections, food allergy, type 1 diabetes, schizophrenia and various other extra skeletal health effects. Exclusively breastfed infants are especially vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency due to their dependence on previous trans-placental transfer of vitamin D from the mother, dietary vitamin D from breast milk and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D on exposure to sunlight. The worldwide epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the low content of vitamin D in breast milk underlie the high risk of deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Data regarding the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants in Kenya is needed to inform policies on supplementation of at risk groups. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants using 25(OH)D and to evaluate the relationship between PTH and 25(OH)D in a population of exclusively breast fed infants. Study Design: This was a cross sectional survey carried out in three to six month old exclusively breastfed infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods: Ninety-eight infants were enrolled in the study and all had data on their demographics and anthropometric measures recorded. Self-reported data on maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure was also collected. A brief physical examination to assess for skeletal signs of rickets was then performed. A blood sample was collected for measurement of serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate and PTH . Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was analyzed using proportions with 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/ml. PTH, calcium and phosphate levels in the vitamin D deficient and non-deficient groups were compared using analysis of variance(ANOVA). The level of 25(OH)D beyond which there was no PTH elevation was identified by drawing a scatter plot of PTH against vitamin D levels. Tests of association using odds ratio were used to determine the correlation between infant serum vitamin D levels and maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure. Skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency in this population were described using bar charts. Results: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants at Aga Khan University Hospital was 23.5% (95% CI 14.9%-32.0%). A further 31.6% were found to have insufficient levels of vitamin D leaving only 44.9% of the population classified as having sufficient levels.