A Psycho-semiotic Study of Franz Kafka's Text This Psychosemiotic study of Kafkan text explores how signs and symbols in the Kafkan text play a significant role in bringing the structured imagination of Kafka's psyche and signification process on the surface of the narrative. These embedded sign complexes help to appreciate the in-depth dimensions meanings of Kafkan text with reference to his personality by positioning him in the multidimensional theoretical framework of Psychosemiotics. The proposition of the sign phenomenon has been contested through the critical review of the related literature on Kafka, and this analysis opens up the existing spaces and gaps, and thus creates a prerequisite and rationale for the Psychosemiotic study of Kafka. From this methodological, analytical, and theoretical perspective, I have investigated signs and symbols in their subliminal context, and scrutinized them to see as to how they appear in Kafkan narratives. This explicit display of Kafkan fiction, as a discourse within the particular context of interpretation of signs and symbols, has been argued in the light of theoretical assumptions of Sonne & Grambye's (2006) Psychosemiotic model at propositional, narrative and argumentative levels simultaneously spotlight the psychic structures of id, ego and super ego manifested in the text. The analysis and interpretation of the delimited text of Kafka shows that linguistic signs resurface the psychic structure of Kafka that refers to the subconscious, unconscious and conscious sensibilities of Kafka's personality in the symbols at representational and conceptual levels. This propensity verifies the Psychosemiotic perspective of discourse as how narrative is displayed on the surface and how it stirs up and excites various meanings at deeper levels on the part of reader, exposing and corresponding to the hidden recesses of Kafkan intellect. This predisposition emphasizes the appreciation of Kafka with reference to the diversity of meanings at various dimensions in linguistic and perspicacity categories existing in the psychic structure of Kafka this further authenticates linguistic and perceptive composition of Kafka's mind at abstract levels.
’’آگ‘‘عزیز احمد کا مشہور ناول ہے۔اگر ہم تاریخ کا مطالعہ کریں تو ہمیں معلوم ہوگا کہ آج تک کشمیر کے بارے میں جن دو ناولوں میں لکھا گیا ہے ان میں ایک تو کرشن چندر کا’’شکست ‘‘ہے اور دوسرا’’آگ‘‘ہے۔ ان ناولوں میں کشمیر کے رہنے والوں کی سماجی پس ماندگی ، غربت ،افلاس اور استحصال کو مستقل بحث بنایا گیا ہے۔دونوں کا اندازہ الگ ضرور ہے مگر مقصد ایک ہی ہے۔یعنی بنیادی موضوع کشمیر کی سماجی وسیاسی صورت حال ہے وہاں رہنے والے لوگوں کی اونچ نیچ ہندوانہ سماج میں ذات پات کو لے کر سفاکانہ طریقہ کار پھر اس کا مرکزی کردار بھی عمل قوت سے محروم ہے۔
اگر تاریخی مناظر میں دیکھا جائے تو کشمیر کی صورت حال کو شعوری طور پر سمجھنے کی کوشش جس میں کی گئی ہے۔وہ عزیز احمد کا ناول ’’آگ‘‘ہی ہے۔’’آگ‘‘کا موضوع خاص طور پر کشمیر میں لگی وہ آگ ہے جس نے سارے کشمیر کو اپنی لپیٹ میں لے لیا ہے۔عزیز احمد نے نہایت سلیقے سے ایک طرف تو انگریز سامراج کے خلاف کشمیر میں اور پورے ملک میں ہونے والی آزادی کی تحریکوں کو آگ کہاہے اور دوسری طرف ان کاریگروں کے استحصال کو آگ قرار دیا ہے جو قالین بافی کا کام کرتے ہیں۔ناول کی سب سے بڑی خاصیت ہی یہی ہے کہ اس کا حقیقی زندگی سے بہت گہرا تعلق ہے۔عزیز احمد لکھتے ہیں:
’’ایک طرف پرا پنجال اور دوسری جانب قراقرم ،بیچ میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی طرح کوہ ہمالیہ سب سے اونچا سلسلہ۔ان پہاڑوں نے کشمیر کی ہری وادی لداخ اور بلتستان کے لق ودق کہساروں کو بال بال بچا لیااور دس بارہ سال تک شمال اور جنوب کی آگ وہاں تک نہیں پہنچ سکی۔‘‘(14)
Money and its Compensation: An Analysis with Respect to Capitalism and Islamic Economic System In trade and commerce, money has remained the backbone of the business and trade. From the beginning to the end, money is an indispensable part of every economic activity. For this importance, money is treated as a factor of production. But the question is what is meant by money and whether the value of money can be recognized as a land, house, shop, car, bungalow and merchandise goods? And then what is the status if it is in the form of interest and it is linked to inflation? The research article underlines the key aspect regarding money and its compensation in the perspective of capitalistic and Islamic economic system. The qualitative and analytical approach was applied in this article. A literature review concluded that time value of money in capitalistic economy is unlimited while the Islamic economic system does not recognize its value in form of interest and with the association of inflation rate. It is recommended that business to be done on a profit and loss basis, rather than on debt and interest and instead of linking money to the inflation rate, alternatives should be proposed, for example if a person wants to take the loan, he should be given what he needs on cost plus profit basis.
This work is devoted to the study of variational iteration technique and its modifications for the solution of initial and boundary value problems. The proposed modifications are made by the elegant coupling of He’s polynomials and Adomian’s polynomials in the correction functional of variational iteration method. The proposed techniques are applied without any discretization, linearization and unrealistic assumptions. It has been observed that variational iteration method and its modified versions are very efficient and reliable for the solution of nonlinear problems of physical nature. Several examples are given which reveal the efficiency and accuracy of the suggested algorithms.