اسلامى بىنکارى مىں تنگدست مقروض سے وصولیابی کے شرعی اختیارات

Islam lays emphasis on social justice and sharing of resources between the haves and the have-nots. In order to create such a balanced socio-economic environment, the inter-class lending is considered to be a way forward ethical activity. Qard is a gratuitous contract in which one gives a certain homogeneous wealth to other against the condition of returning of similar value of wealth upon demand or after termination of payback period. As per Sharia'h, the Qard should not bring any return or benefit for the lender because that would be equivalent to Ribâ. Therefore the lender cannot charge or demand any extra amount against the extension on the payback period awarded to the poor borrower. Furthermore, Islam considers the difference between debtors who default by procrastination and those who default by necessity. The Holy Qur'an, in principal, recommends having compassion for the poor barrowers and giving them the grace period till they have the capacity to payback. In such scenario the Muslim lenders perceive that the Islam has set unilateral direction in favor of borrowers only. Therefore the lenders feel that they are handicapped or helpless and found themselves in a strangled situation.  This study is designed to solve the dilemma of lenders and explore risk mitigation strategies in case of insolvency of borrowers. The verses from the Holy Qur'an & Hadith of the Messenger (PBUH) and also work of prominent Sharia'h Scholars were considered to form a comprehensive guideline to mitigate the lender’s risk. Hence it has been proved that the Islam has given legal rights to the lender and allows some practical recovery strategies & tactics to recover the funds from the underprivileged borrowers. This study will play a key role in risk mitigation for default and late payments.

Investigating of Nano Composite Materials for out Door Insulation Applications

This research deals with the preparation of silicone rubber (SiR), epoxy and EPDM based composite materials for outdoor high voltage insulationapplications. These composites were fabricated by incorporating nanosilica 2.5~5 % by weight, while the microsilica loading were varied from 10~20 % by weight. Uniform and homogenous dispersion of fillers were achieved through process parameters optimization. The tensile strength of fabricated polymer compositesincreases with the incorporation of filler contents. Even in case of hybrid composites, it increases up to 400 %. The prepared composite samples were found thermally more stable than their virgin counterparts. An approximate 25% increase in dielectric strength was also obtained. The novelty of the research work is promise of nano and hybrid composite towards their aging performance under multi-stress conditions. To comprehend the aging phenomena (weathering characteristics) under multi-stress conditions, the entirepolymer composites were aged for a maximum of 5,000 hrs in a multi-stress aging chamber developed as per IEEE standard 1109. Different stresses like ultraviolet, thermal, salt-fog, acid rain and voltage were applied for specifically designed weather cycles. After multi-stress aging according to the data of hydrophobicity loss silicone rubber composites were placed in HC-3 while epoxy and EPDM composites were grouped in HC-4 and HC-5 respectively. The results of leakage current during the multi-stress aging for silicone rubber, epoxy and EPDM composites were found 0.8μA, 1μA and 1.2μA correspondingly. The hybrid polymer composites due to synergic effects responded better towards aging. Percentage deterioration of fabricated compositesalso demonstrated that hybrid composites performed better thannano and micro composites respectively.