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Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Salman Riaz

Department

Department of English

Program

Mphil

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Subject

English Language

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728708317

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Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English It is a common practice that while talking in Urdu we switch to English, a language which is considered highly prestigious as well as a sign of sophistication in our society. The current study aims at exploring the three different types of factors — socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological — which trigger this switching at intrasentential level. The study is deductive in nature in that instead of setting out with already thought-out factors, data from the field is recorded and analyzed in order to find out the factors governing Urdu-English codeswitching. Hence, there is no predisposition or predetermination involved. The three categories of codeswitching factors covered in the thesis correspond to all the three factor-based environments under the influence of which codeswitching takes place, not only from Urdu to English but also in case of other languages. Thus: • Socio-cultural factors refer to the external environment influencing codeswitching. This environment is coloured by social conformity and compliance with mass-practices. In this environment, subjectivity is discouraged; rather banned. The environment may also be termed social environment. • Linguistic factors denote the inevitable factors which arise out of some lack or gap in conversation. We can thus say that these constitute conversation-internal- or simply conversational- factors. Social or mental pressures play no part over here; it is just a genuine linguistic need which triggers codeswitching. • Psychological factors address the mental bend of individual codeswitchers, which leads to codeswitching from Urdu to English. These factors thus correspond to mental environment. Subjectivity and individualism, in sharp contrast to the practice in the social environment, receive a highly conducive ambiance here. It is to emphasize that though the main categories of the codeswitching-factors, i.e. socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological, are invariable across the languages coming into contact with each other, the factors mentioned under each vary from one language-contact situation to another, and that the current study focuses on exploring the factors specific to Urdu-English codeswitching, i.e. the factors obviously arising out of the indigenous social and linguistic situations.
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اردو تدوین کی روایت

موضوع4:اردو تدوین کی روایت
تدوین کیا ہے؟
تدوین تحقیق کی شاخ ہے۔ جس میں مدون عہد گزشتہ اور ماضی میں دفن تحریروں کو اصل انداز میں سامنے لاتا ہے۔ تدوین متن میں محقق و مدون کا اصل مقصد و مدعا مصنف کے تصنیفی کام کی روح تک پہنچنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس مقصد کی تکمیل کے لیے وہ حاصل کردہ متن کو مختلف تنقیدی و تحقیقی زاویوں سے پرکھتا ہے۔ وہ ہربات کو ایک پیمانے پر ماپ کر چھلنی سے گزارتا ہے ،تاکہ امکانی حد تک وہ مصنف کے متن تک پہنچ سکے۔
اردو تدوین کی روایت:
اردو تدوین کی روایت کچھ زیادہ قدیم نہیں ہے۔مدونین کی بدولت بہت سے قدیم و نایاب کتب منظر عام پر آئی ہیں۔ اگر مدونین و محققین تدوین متن کی طرف توجہ نہ دیتے تو آج ہم اردو ادب کے ابتدائی سرمایہ سے ناواقف ہوتے اور نہ ہی اردو زبان کا ابتدائی لسانی ڈھانچہ ہمارے سامنے ہوتا۔ہم آج جس معاشرے میں سانس لے رہے ہیں وہ ایک مہذب اور متمدن معاشرہ ہے۔ اپنے معاشرے کو جاننے اور سمجھنے کی کوشش اس وقت تک کامیاب نہیں ہوسکتی جب تک ہم اپنے اسلاف کی تحریروں اور ان کے افکار و خیالات سے آگاہ نہ ہوں۔
اردو تدوین کی روایت میں بہت سے مدونین ایسے ہیں جنہوں نے بہت سے شعرااور ان کی تصانیف سے روشناس کرایا ہے۔ ان کتب میں تذکرے، مثنویات ، کلیات، دواوین اور نثری کتب شامل ہیں۔یہ سب کتب اردو ادب میں گراں قدر اضافے کا باعث بنی ہیں۔
سر سید احمد خان:
اردو تدوین کی روایت کے حوالے سے دیکھا جائے تو سر سید احمد خان نے قدیم ادب کی اہمیت کو تسلیم کرتے ہوئے ابوالفضل کی تصنیف "آئین اکبری" کو ?۶-?۸?? ئ￿ میں مدون کیا۔انہوں نے اس نسخے کی تدوین کے لیے کئی نسخوں کو تلاش کرکے...

The Analytical Study of Medication During Fasting in the Perspective of Shariah Rulings

The beauty of religion Islam is not only to provide the complete life style and charter for one to lead his life smoothly but it flourishes the human life with its eternal directions and commands full of hidden pleasures coupled with physical and spiritual care of human body. In fact, the everlasting religion comprised of such rulings that help individuals in every walk of life until and unless these rulings are implemented and executed in a proper way according to the prescribed codes of Almighty Allah and his Messenger, Prophet Muhammad PBUH. The thorough study of Shariah rulings reveals the fact that to protect the man’s life or even to make it in comfort and ease, the gradual and steady relaxation has been observed like the one unable to perform prayer in standing position, legitimate for him to sit or even through gestures according to the status of his illness and disease. Similarly, the fasting is important part of Worship, obligation upon Muslim to observe fasting during Ramadan with intentions to get Allah’s pleasure and piousness. This research study emphasis on highlighting the shariah rulings about the medication during fasting in order to know the extent of use, specification in drugs like injections and drips along with some relevant discussion about the spirit of medicine permission. The study will be the real addition to the knowledge and will be fine guidance for the Practiced Muslims.

One Year Symptom Severity and Health-Related Quality of Life Changes Among Patients Undergoing Uterine Fibroid Embolisation

Background: The main aim of treatment of symptomatic fibroids by various modalities including uterine fibroid embolisation is to alleviate symptoms and ultimately improve the quality of life. The efficacy of this modality of treatment in women with significant fibroid burden and large uterine volumes is not clear. Objective: To determine the change in symptom severity and health-related quality of life among patients who have undergone uterine fibroid embolisation for treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Setting: Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi Methods: A prospective before and after study (observational) of patients undergoing uterine fibroid embolisation. Prior to embolisation, study participants underwent a pelvic MRI and filled in the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life questionnaire (UFS-QoL), a disease-specific symptom and health-related quality of life questionnaire for fibroids. The same questionnaire was administered after one year. Outcome measures: The main outcome was change in symptom severity score. Secondary outcome measures were change in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) score, the correlation between age, parity, uterine volume, fibroid number and change in the symptom severity and health-related quality of life scores and the incidence of an additional intervention. Results: Data from 80 study participants were included in the analysis. The mean change (improvement) in the symptom severity score was -29.6(SD±27.1) [95% CI -35.6 to -23.6, P<0.001] with a mean change (improvement) in health-related quality of life score of 35.7(SD±32.7) [95% CI 28.4 to 42.9, P<0.001].There was a significant positive correlation between fibroid number and change in symptom severity score. There was no significant correlation between age, parity, uterine volume and change in symptom severity score. There was a significant positive correlation between parity and change in the health-related quality of life score. There was no significant correlation between age, uterine volume, fibroid number and change in the health-related quality of life score. The incidence of a major and minor surgical intervention during the one year follow-up period was 6.25% and 12.5% respectively.iv Conclusions: UFE is associated with a statistically significant and clinically useful improvement in symptom severity and health-related quality of life in women with symptomatic fibroid disease and is an effective treatment option of symptomatic fibroids in patients with large myoma burden or large uterine volumes.