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Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Pakistani English Novels

Thesis Info

Author

Attiya Ijaz

Department

Department of English

Program

Mphil

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Subject

English Language

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728710067

Similar


Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Pakistani English Novels This study examines the issue of code-switching and code-mixing in written medium that is Pakistani English novels on the grounds that characters, speech communities, and context presented by Pakistani competent novelists are the representation of real life people, speech communities, and contexts. This shows that the use of code-switching and code-mixing by the characters in their dialogues/conversations is authentic. By using content analysis as a method and applying the theories (frames) of types, reasons and context of situation given by Hoffmann (1991), Saville-Troike (2003) and Wallwork (1978), this study investigates the types, reasons and context of code-switching and code-mixing found in the dialogues/conversations of characters. For this purpose, three famous Pakistani English novels are selected which are Moth Smoke (2000), The Crow Eaters (2005) and Salt and Saffron (2000). The theoretical framework for analysis consists of six types of code-switching and code-mixing, eleven reasons of code-switching and code-mixing and five ingredients of context of situations. The results show that the sociolinguistic theories of code-switching and code-mixing presented by Hoffmann (1991) and Saville-Troike (2003) and context of situation ingredients given by Wallwork (1978) are applicable to data in hand. The findings also reveal the fact that most of the characters in Pakistani English novels use intra-sentential code-mixing in their conversations. In this instance, the main reason for them to do code-switching or code- mixing is to express group identity which happens to be a common practice in informal context. The analysis of the data exemplifies some new categories apart from the set theoretical framework which opens new dimensions for future research.
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مولاناابوالوفاء افغانی

مولانا ابو الوفاء افغانی
معارف کے قارئین مولانا ابوالوفاء افغانی کے نام سے اور کام سے بخوبی واقف ہیں ان کی پیدائش افغانستان میں ہوئی، لیکن تعلیمی مراحل ہندوستان میں طے ہوئے اور یہاں کے باکمال اساتذہ سے استفادہ کیا، زندگی کا بڑا حصہ حیدرآباد میں گزرا، عرصہ تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں مدرس رہے، فقہ حنفی سے خاص مناسبت تھی اور امام ابوحنیفہ ان کے تلامذہ اور ائمہ احناف سے بے حد عقیدت تھی، لجنۃ احیاء المعارف العثمانیہ ان کی اس عقیدت کی گواہ ہے، انھوں نے قاضی ابو یوسف امام محمد اور شمس لائمہ سرخسی کی کتابیں ڈھونڈ کر جمع کیں، بڑی دیدہ ریزی کے ساتھ مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کیا، جان کا ہی کے ساتھ ان کی تصحیح کی، حواشی لکھے، انڈکس بنائے اور حسن و خوبی کے ساتھ طباعت کا انتظام کیا، وہ پرانے مدرسوں کے پڑھے ہوئے تھے، لیکن نئے محققین بھی ان کا لوہا مانتے تھے، افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ علم و تحقیق کی یہ شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کے بیش بہاکاموں کے جاری رکھنے کا انتظام فرمائے۔
(عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۵ء)

 

نبی کریم ﷺ کے "نسب مطہرہ" سے متعلق مارگولیتھ کے خیالات کا تنقیدی جائزہ

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Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment Eia in Punjab Pakistan

Pakistan is a country where the requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment was presented in 1983 by Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (PEPO, 1983), but it was not efficiently implemented by the ordinance, and formally came to an effect when Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) was passed in 1997 as a major environmental legislation. For the purpose of this study 150 environmental reports were reviewed and over 100 practitioners (consultants, NGOs, academics, lawyers, EPA personnel, environment specialists from donor agencies) were interviewed, besides closely monitoring the EIA process in the province of the Punjab. The present study includes the review of section 12 of PEPA vs actual practice in the province of Punjab Pakistan with reference to international Standards/guidelines and requirements, review of EIA Reports quality and consultants practice in Punjab, along with the Development of an outline/framework for Model EIA. The present study is based on multi-method approach involving survey, assessment checklist, and questionnaire. Despite the recent improvement in EIA implementation in Pakistan over the last few years, still there is a dire need to revise the current legislation on EIA due to difficulties and deficiencies identified in practice. The current study not only identifies and highlights the weaknesses and deficiencies that result in violation of section 12 of PEPA, but also suggest measures to revise section 12 of PEPA 1997 and its pertaining rules and regulations regarding screening, scoping public consultation, alternatives, mitigation measures and management plan to make EIA an effective decision making tool. Moreover assessment of EIA reports and consultant practice of carrying out EIA identified the wrong categorization of project, lack in identifying the scope of the project, weak consultation among stakeholders, poor quality of baseline data, missing component of project alternatives, insufficient mitigation measures, inadequate EMP and totally ignoring component of GRM, indigenous people and climate change. This pioneer study advocates the need to include, follow and implement Model EIA in execution phase of every developmental project. Referred format would result in introducing a better quality in assessment report and practice thus making EIA a powerful tool to mitigate the consequences of any proposed development projects through evaluation of the environmental and social determinants.