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Syllabus Designing for Teaching of English at Intermediate Level in Pakistani Colleges

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Saeed Akhter

Department

Department of English

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Subject

English Language

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728710533

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Syllabus Designing for Teaching of English at Intermediate Level in Pakistani Colleges The present study aimed at identifying weak areas of the syllabus of English for Intermediate level that hamper the teaching and learning process, and to suggest changes to align it with teaching and learning requirements and needs of the students in an age of science, technology and commerce. Giving rationale of the study, the researcher discussed the need of evaluating the syllabus. He established the necessity of the research work in perspective of the phenomenon of change, mass failure of students, lack of skills and intellectual and creative incapacity of the students. He set the research questions and objectives of the study. The researcher discussed various aspects of syllabus design and evaluation of syllabus in literature review. They include: basic concept of syllabus; needs analysis; impact of situational factors; aims and objectives; concept of proficiency; learning styles; various approaches to syllabus design; methodology; role and design of instructional materials; selection and grading; and tools of evaluation of syllabus. The researcher adopted quantitative and qualitative techniques. The population comprised Intermediate students, Graduation students, teachers of English, parents and members of the Curriculum Committee. The choice was made by convenient sampling technique. The size of the population was 1000 Intermediate students, 500 Graduation students, 600 teachers and 1000 parents. The questionnaires were sent to every segment of population in numbers exceeding the actual population size of each segment. The questionnaires returned from Intermediate students, Graduation students, teachers and parents were 1040, 460, 340 and 480 respectively. The research tools used were questionnaires, group discussion, and evaluation tools selected from certain linguists. The data analysis manifested that almost all the respondents from all categories of population criticised the present syllabus in perspective of its aims and objectives, needs, contents, methodology, and styles of learning. The application of evaluation tools also demonstrated gross level flaws in the syllabus contents and textbooks. The researcher gave his finding derived from the data analysis and the evaluation. They included these observations: the evaluation of the syllabus had not been carried out since 1972; needs analysis was never conducted. Listening and speaking skills were never included in the syllabus. The syllabus was failing in producing proficiency of language in the students. On the basis of the analysis and the finding, the researcher gave recommendations for an effective syllabus. They included: periodical evaluation of the syllabus and needs analysis process; shifting of contents from literature based to skills based; making the syllabus dominantly communicative and task based; and inclusion of certain contents in the syllabus. He also suggested syllabus contents for Intermediate level of education. The researcher concluded the research with a note of optimism and best wishes for the future of ELT in Pakistan.
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شیخ ابوزہرہ

شیخ محمد ابو زہرہ عصرِ حاضر کے نہایت فاضل اوربلند پایہ عالم ومحقق اور مصنف تھے۔ فقہ، اُس کے اصول اور تاریخ پران کی نظر بہت گہری اور وسیع تھی۔ چنانچہ ائمہ اربعہ ،امام ابوحنیفہ ،امام شافعی، امام مالک اورامام احمد بن حنبل ان میں سے ہرایک کے فقہ پرالگ الگ انھوں نے کتابیں لکھیں اورپھرامام اعظم کے تلامذہ قاضی ابویوسف ،امام محمد اورامام زفران میں سے بھی ہرایک کے فقہ پرالگ الگ ایک کتاب تصنیف کی۔علاوہ ازیں فقہ جعفری اور المذاہب الاسلامیہ پربھی ان کی تصنیفات ہیں جوبڑی بصیرت افروز اور معلومات افزا ہیں۔راقم الحروف کو پانچ چھ مرتبہ سفر قاہرہ اوروہاں کے قیام کا اتفاق ہواہے،اورافسوس ہے کہ اپنی خواہش اور تمنا کے باوجود ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین مرحوم سے ملاقات کاکبھی موقعہ نہیں ملا۔ کیوں کہ ان دنوں میں یاوہ قاہرہ سے باہر تھے یاتھے وہیں مگرعلیل تھے ۔لیکن خوش قسمتی سے شیخ ابوزہرہ سے تقریباً ہرسفر میں ملاقات اور ان کی مجلس میں بیٹھنے اور مجمع البحوث الاسلامیہ کے جلسوں میں ان کی تقریریں اورسوال و جواب سننے کا موقع ملاہے، اور جیسا کہ میں نے برہان میں لکھا بھی ہے میرے لیے یہ بات لائق افتخار ومسرت ہے کہ ایک مرتبہ مجمع کے جلسہ میں کسی موضوع پر میں نے عربی میں تقریر کی توشیخ مرحوم نے جلسہ گاہ سے نکلتے ہوئے اس تقریر اوراُس کی زبان کی تعریف کی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ نے علم وفضل کے ساتھ شیخ کوحافظہ نہایت قوی اور تقریروخطابت کاعجیب وغریب ملکہ عطا فرمایا تھا۔ مجمع البحوث الاسلامیہ کی میٹنگ کے لیے اُن کامقالہ ڈیڑھ سو دوسو صفحات سے کم کا نہیں ہوتاتھا لیکن وہ کبھی مقالہ پڑھتے نہیں تھے بلکہ زبانی تقریرکرتے تھے۔یہ تقریر ڈیڑھ دو گھنٹہ سے کم کی نہیں ہوتی تھی،لیکن پیرانہ سالی کے باوجود اس درجہ مربوط اورمسلسل ہوتی تھی کہ مقالہ سے منطبق کرلیجیے...

Journey to Khalafah and Tamkeen fil ‘Ard Milestones on the Way

Establishment of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard means supremacy of the dictates of shari‘ah and socio-political justice on earth. This is one of the basic objectives and prominent messages of the Holy Quran and Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). About khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard the Holy Quran expresses as:   -وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُم فِي الأَرْضِ …  -الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ المُنكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الأُمُورِ.  -هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً.  Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) proclaims:   - وَاَللَّهِ لَوْ وَضَعُوا الشَّمْسَ فِي يَمِينِي وَالْقَمَرَ فِي يَسَارِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتْرُكَ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ أَهْلِكَ فِيهِ مَا تَرَكْتُهُ. The Holy Quran and the Seerah refer to some underlying milestones on the way of religious nations to status of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard. These milestones may be expressed in an order as: da‘wah [preaching], deen [practices of prophetic teachings], hijrah [migration], ma‘iyyat-ul-Allah [companionship of Allah], qital [wars], nusrat-ul-Allah [divine aid], izhar-ud-deen [domination of deen] and khilafah [inheritance of authority]. This is noteworthy that journey of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard begins with da‘wah [preaching towards deen] and passing through various milestones ends up again at da‘wah, as obvious from ayat-ul-istakhlaf quoted above. Therefore, the seekers of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard should strive hard and keep struggling with the work of da‘wah with dedication in all circumstances and all means as per time and place requirements in lined with the modus operandi of Prophets, particularly Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), instead of awaiting the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard as prerequisite to start with the work of da‘wah and establishment of deen. This paper primarily aims to elaborate the milestones of Muslim Ummah to reach to the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. It also cast light on the objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. This work provides useful guidance to Muslim Ummah in general and Ahlud da‘wah in particular about milestones and objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard.

Process Modification for Improvement in Conventional Reactive Printing of Cotton Fabric

Current study was based on the imperative constituent’s replacement of the reactive printing paste for cotton printing. They are sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate and urea. Although sodium alginate is a natural thickener and environment friendly, but its availability and cost are the major concern which motivated the researcher to replace it with some better constituent. Other main part of the printing paste recipe is urea. Urea is nitrogen containing compound and it causes water stream pollution. It supports the reactive dyes molecule in solubility and moisture management to the fabric. Moisture helps the dye shade to remain sharp and shine during steaming process. The third and final replacement was sodium bicarbonate. Alkali is prerequisite in printing as reactive dyes form covalent bond to cellulosic cotton in alkaline condition. However, alkali hydrolyzes the dye molecules as well. Also, it has detrimental effects towards environment. Sodium alginate was replaced with synthetic acrylic thickener and tamarind kernel powder after its carboxy methyl substitution. Its degree of substitution was dignified by using both dry and wet methods. 0.654 was the DS value with dry method and 0.661 was the DS value with wet method. Urea was replaced with nitrogen free polymer i.e. polyethylene glycol 400 which increased dye solubility. Sodium bicarbonate was replaced with tri chloro acetic acid. Tri chloro acetic acid dissociated at high temperature around 100℃ and became alkaline (as required for fixation) during steaming process of the printed fabric. Five Mono chloro triazine and one vinyl sulphone reactive dye was selected for reactive printing. One conventional recipe was prepared with sodium alginate (2%), sodium bicarbonate (2.5%) and urea (15%) and six modified recipes were prepared against standard recipe 1. Recipe 2 included acrylic synthetic thickener (3%) and the rest of the chemicals were same as recipe 1. Recipe 3 and 4 have mixed ratio of SA and AST. Recipe 5 was prepared by using TCAA (4%) and CMTKP (6%). Recipe 6 by adding PEG-400 (2%) in recipe 5. In recipe 7, PEG-400 (1%) reduction in recipe 6. All 7 seven recipes were used in 6 reactive dyes at two dose levels (2% and 4%). There were total 84 trials of reactive printing and each trial was accessed with 9 tests. Sum K/S and shade strength, penetration of the dyes into the fabric, staining on the white ground of the fabric, washing fastness (change in shade and staining), rubbing fastness (dry and wet), light fastness, perspiration fastness (acidic and basic), sharpness of the edges, fabric hardness and cost saving. After running 6 colours at different dose levels, it was confirmed that recipe 6 is best in all aspects. However, based on cost and results, recipe 7 had better outcomes than recipe 1.