Cognitive Problems of Urdu-Medium College Students in Learning English Syntax The present study describes the learners' confusions caused by Grammar Translation Method. The researcher has tried to explain the reasons for the grammatical errors which the learners commit. Though the list of reasons is not intended to be exhaustive, yet its contents can be used inductively to understand learner's confusion. The study was conducted in two steps: First, the Pilot Study was conducted on 5 male undergraduates. A test was designed which consisted of 6 questions: Translation questions in both directions, fill in the blank questions to test the learner's competence of Auxiliaries and Main Verb forms. They were motivated to tell the reasons for their answers. In the light of contrastive analysis, and learners' answers, the reasons for the Errors were collected and organized into 10 main groups, and around 50 sub-groups. This classification of Errors provided us with the basic understanding of the reasons behind them. In the light of the results of the Pilot study, the Test was modified and reduced to one Main and one supporting part, questions 7 and 8. The main part consisted of 48 sentences, 4 for every tense: 1 Affirmative, 1 Negative, 1 Polarity question, 1 Wh question. 25 male students of BA class were selected for the test and interview. Of 728 Errors 342 were Tense-related. 131 Errors could not be classified because of lack of evidence. 339 answers were correct, and 184 were not attempted. The main reasons discovered were faulty Inter-lingual Correlations, and faulty combinations (termed in this work as Mental Associations). The present study reviews the concept of Overgeneralization describes it. It explains the reasons for such frequent errors as *`did not going', *`are go' and so on. Sometimes, the combination 'did not' sticks too fast to the learner's mind, and he extends it to the negative sentences of every tense. So is the case with * 'are come'. Similar confusions arise in Polarity Interrogatives where learners associate the process of question making with a particular Auxiliary and extend it to all the tenses. In this way, various reasons of learners' confusion were collected and classified. The study also suggests remedies of the problems.
The enlightened and moderated teachings of Islam empowered every one of the human society, specially the woman who used to be much oppressed in all civilizations of the world before emergence of Islam. Islam gave them an elevated status in all over the world in the status of mother, sisters, daughter and wife. It declared null and void the ignorance rules against them and, prohibited their sexual exploitation. Moreover, Islam gave a regular system of nikkah and marriages for women. The holy Prophet peace be upon him declared nikkah and marriage as his Sunnah and kept its procedure very simple. Furthermore, he described marriage as a gigantic source of achieving chastity, but today in Pakistan the marriages have been made very complex and costly because of the unIslamic customs and traditions. Those unIslamic customs became the part and parcel of the Pakistani marriages which not only made nikkah and marriage a difficult task but also devastated the economic, social and the religious life of Muslims. The Pakistani marriages are conducted with such customs of Mehndi, big congregations: Bharat, beating drums and singing songs. The article briefly discusses status of mirages in the pre Islamic era, Islamic concept and importance of nikkah and the new customs practiced in Pakistani marriages and their economic, social and religious impacts by best use of old and new resources.
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of non-syndromic cornification disorders characterized primarily by generalized hyperkeratotic epidermal scales with or without erythroderma. So far, pathogenic variants in fourteen genes have been associated with ARCI most of which perturb lipid metabolism and localization during cornification, thereby disrupting the lipid envelope and thus barrier function. Research is in progress to reduce or treat the disease manifestations in affected individuals by enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy. Moreover, gene expression studies and histopathological studies have been performed to discover more effective drug targets. However, a more precise genotype to phenotype correlation and a greater understanding of the pathophysiology would aid in developing more specific therapies. Therefore, the necessity is to elucidate the link between a defective gene and the resulting difference in expression of proteins in epidermis. In the current study whole exome sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing and mass spectrometry were used to investigate four consanguineous Pakistani families (A, B, C, and D) affected with ARCI. WES identified a frameshift mutation c.364dupA (p.T122IfsX3) in SDR9C7 in family A, a nonsense mutation c.762C>G (p.Tyr254*) in PNPLA1 in family B, a missense mutation c.944G>A (p.R315H) in TGM1 in family C, and a missense mutation c.424 (p.R142C) in TGM1 in family D. Mass spectrometry of purified proteins isolated from epidermal corneocytes samples of the affected individuals confirmed the deleterious effects of the identified mutations. Combinatorial protein analysis of the three groups (PNPLA1, SDR9C7, and TGM1) identified common 20 proteins with altered expression in all the disease groups indicating their central role in ARCI pathology. Furthermore, a proteomic spectrum specific for each type of ARCI was also acquired. In conclusion, four families affected with ARCI were identified with mutations in SDR9C7, PNPLA1, and TGM1 along with the proteomic profiles that could aid in the genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of the families as well as devising improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ARCI.