An Analytical Study of Domestication in V.G Kiernan’s Translation of Muhammad Iqbal’s Poetry into English The researcher has explored the elements of domestication in Kiernan's translation of Iqbal. The study has established the presence of highly structured and complex domestication in Kiernan's translation. Domestication is a translation strategy which seeks to obliterate the linguistic and cultural identity of the source text and re-writes it in line with the norms and canons of the target text. The researcher has also examined the nature and effects of this domestication on the translation. Through a thematic and extended discussion it has been established that there are multiple categories of domestication present in the data such as Anglicization, classificational dislocation, explicitation, omission,ennoblement,qualitativeimpoverishment,distortion,mistranslation,andprosodic domestication. Moreover, in order to give a wider and deeper reliability to the findings, the researcher has also carried out a comprehensive corpus analysis of the data. For this purpose he has designed an elaborate corpus of eighty five highly domesticated words/phrases. Each of these words/phrases has been subjected to an extensive analysis and the insights emerging thereby have been correlated to the issue of domestication. The study has also demonstrated how this domestication has considerably deprived Iqbal of his 'voice' and has affected the linguistic and cultural features of the source text. For the methodology, the researcher has employed the textual analysis which is primarily situated in the domain of qualitative research. Through this analysis, the researcher has critically interpreted and evaluated the data instead of merely describing it. All the conclusions/findings have been consistently correlated with the textual evidence from the data. All these findings and insights have enabled the researcher to problematize Kiernan's translation and relate it to a larger body of investigation in the discipline of translation studies. As regards the theoretical framework the researcher has used Lawrence Venuti's model of foreignization and domestication which contends that, rather than being a liability, it is one of the greatest assets of a translation to appear unfamiliar and foreign since that is the only way to register and negotiate the linguistic and cultural features of the source text. Besides, as per this model, the researcher has conceptualized translation in a broader perspective as a site of ideological conflict for powerandsupremacywhichisconstantlyanimatedbymultiplelinguisticandliterary factors/variables.
مولانا نجم الدین اصلاحی ۱۴؍ اگست کو حافظ مولانا نجم الدین صاحب اصلاحی نے تقریباً ۹۴ برس کی عمر میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا۔ اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔ انھوں نے اپنے جدبزرگوار ملاقدرت علی مرحوم سے ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کی اور اپنے گاؤں ہی کے ایک دوسرے بزرگ حافظ عبدالرحیم مرحوم کی خدمت میں رہ کر قرآن مجید حفظ کیا، مزید تعلیم مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر میں ہوئی، اس وقت مدرسہ میں مولانا امین احسن اصلاحی صاحبِ تدبر قرآن اور مولانا اختر احسن اصلاحی مرحوم سابق مہتمم مدرسۃ الاصلاح بھی زیر تعلیم تھے۔ فارسی میں مولانا نجم الدین صاحب کی اچھی اور پختہ استعداد ان کے ہم وطن مولوی محمد مصطفےٰ صاحب کے فیض تلمذ کا نتیجہ تھی۔ جو مدرسۃ الاصلاح میں فارسی کے بہت اچھے اور لائق معلم تھے۔ اس زمانے میں مولانا شبلی متکلم ندوی مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر کے مہتمم تھے، وہ علامہ شبلیؒ کے تلمیذ رشید اور اس مجلس اخوان الصفاء کے ایک رکن تھے جو علامہ مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد ان کے ناتمام کاموں کی تکمیل کے لیے مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ کی سربراہی میں قائم ہوئی تھی۔ مولانا شبلی متکلم معقولات اور اسرار شریعت کی کتابوں کا درس اس شان سے دیتے تھے کہ طلبہ کو مطالب بخوبی ذہن نشین ہوجاتے تھے۔ مدرسہ کا معیارِ تعلیم بلند اور بہتر بنانے کے لیے ان کو دوبارہ مدرسہ کی خدمت کی زحمت دی گئی تو بڑھاپے میں بھی ان کے درس کا وہی رنگ رہا، اس کی شہادت مولانا نجم الدین صاحب نے اس طرح دی کہ وہ چپکے سے جنگلے کے پاس جاکر درس سنا کرتے تھے۔ ان کے علاوہ مولانا عبدالرحمن نگرامی ندوی، مولانا حکیم محمد لہراوی اور دوسرے اساتذہ سے بھی درسیات کی تکمیل کی، ۱۹۱۷ء میں جب مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ دارالعلوم حیدرآباد کی پرنسپلی سے استعفا دے کر مدرسۃ الاصلاح...
Individualism and Collectivism are two main theories discussed in contemporary Islam implies to create such social environment where both Individual and community could get strength from each other. Islam demands self surrender to Almighty Allah Ta'ala and orders to lead peaceful life, doing all good and avoiding bad deeds. So virtues get stronger and corruption is rooted out in all forms from the Community's social life. Any concept like class struggle or materialistic interpretation of history does not exist in Islam. Rather it provides such guidelines in the economic sphere which promote a healthy circulation of wealth. Islam introduced the concept of ‘Halal & Haram’and appreciated to observe ethical values in economic activities. Islam made man realize being answerable for all earnings and expenditures whether done rightly in accordance with the Orders of Allah Ta’ala or in wrong way defying Allah’s Orders. This outlook not only creates incentives for the individual but also safeguards the Community at the same time.
Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases of dairy animals in Pakistan. The cure rate of mastitis with the use of antibiotics/antibacterials leaves a lot to be desired. In addition, the use of these agents leads to undesireable residues in milk and poses a host of problems to milk processing industry. Therefore, measures other than the use of antibiotics/antibacterials are being investigated to improve the mastitis cure rate. Keeping these considerations in perspective, the current study was planned with the objective to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness of autogenous herd and animal-specific mastitis vaccines alone and in combination with antibiotic based rational therapy after investigating the magnitude of clinical and subclinical mastitis in Tehsil Faisalabad. The current study was compartmentalized into 3 parts. In part I of the study, cattle and buffaloes of 19 villages from 59 Union Councils of Tehsil Faisalabad were screened for subclinical mastitis using surf field mastitis test (SFMT) and 10% of the randomly selected clinically and subclinically mastitic quarters were subjected to microbiological examination of milk. Part II of the study envisaged evaluation of herd-specific mastitis vaccines in 3 dairy herds managing at least 50 animals. The mastitic animals of each farm were randomly divided into 3 equal groups.Group 1 received herd-specific mastitis vaccine @ 5ml/animal I/M twice at an interval of two weeks (Protocol I). Group 2 was treated with standard mastitis therapy i.e. Tylosin @ 10mg/kg for three days I/M + amoxicillin & clavulanic acid @ 600 mg I/mm infusion daily for 5 days (Protocol II) whereas Group 3 received combination of herd-specific autogenous vaccine and standard mastitis therapy (Protocol III). Part III of the study aimed at evaluation of animal-specific autogenous vaccines on 60 (clinical n=30; subclinical n=30) cows and buffaloes belonging to small holder farmers and commercial or institutional farms. Evaluation parameters of part II and III of the study included: clinical severity score, SFMT score, clinical and bacteriological cure rate, somatic cell count (SCC), milk quantity and any untoward effect. Cost-benefit analysis of protocol I, II and III was conducted. The data thus generated were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chisquare test, where relevant. Regarding prevalance of mastitis A total of 24467 buffaloes and 13061 cows were screened during this study.A total of 4231 buffaloes and 3256 cows were found to be suffering from mastitis indicating 17.29 and 24.93% prevalence in the respective species. The overall or composite (buffaloes plus cows) prevalence was 19.95%.Whereas regarding occurrence of mastitic pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus was most predominant micoorganism in the locale. A better SFMT based cure rate, clinical cure rate, bacteriological cure rate and significantly reduced somatic cell counts and plate count values were observed in animals which were provided with herd-base or animal base autogenous mastitis vaccine alone or in combination with antibiotic therapy in subcinically or clinically mastitic animals. When cost benefit analysis of the protocol-I was carried out it resulted in an average net profit ofRs.359/animal/day on herd basis, while Rs. 331.75 and 362.65/animal/day for subclinical and clinical mastitis when prepared on animal-specific basis.