قرآن مجیدکے پانچ منظوم اردو تراجم کا تعارف و تجزیہ

This research article gives a brief introduction and analysis of five Urdu translations of the Holy Qur’ān. Qur’ānic translations are an important source of learning and understanding of Qur’ān. In Urdu the translations of the Holy Book started in late 16th Century A.D. The number of these translations is in hundreds till now, which include translations in Urdu prose and verse. The first rhymed Urdu translation of the Holy Quran was written in the last quarter of 18th Century A.D. At present these translations are in hundreds, including complete as well as partial translations. Most of the translations are in rhymed form, while some are in free verse also. In this article five complete Holy Qur’ān translations have been discussed. Main aim of the article is to introduce the poets and their translations, as well as brief analysis of the translations. The translations are; Asar Zubairi Lakhnavi's "Sehr ul Bayan", Syed Shamim Rajz's "Aab e Rawaan", Seemab Akbar Abadi's "Wahi e Manzum", Abdul Aziz Khalid's "Furqan e Javed" and  Qazi Ata ullah's "Mafhoom ul Quran". This article also explains how much the poets succeeded in presenting the message of Qur’ān. The merits and demerits of the translations have been highlighted. The article concludes that poetry, specially rhymed form, is not suitable for the translations of the Holy Book.

Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Antiepileptic Drug Using Natural Gums and Polymers

The present study was based on the development and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of antiepileptic drugs using natural gums and polymers. The carbamazepine and Phenytoin sodium were selected as model drugs and 48 formulations were prepared for each drug. The wet granulation and solvent evaporation methods were applied for the preparation of sustained release formulations of each drug. The guar gum, xanthan gum, HPMC, CMC and PVP-K90 were used alone and in combination in various drug to polymer ratio and the sustaining effect of these formulations were evaluated. After preparation, all the formulations were evaluated for various physical characteristics. The angle of repose, LBD, TBD, compressibility index, content uniformity of granules and hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation and drug content test were conducted for the evaluation of tablets. The drug release was studied using USP apparatus-I and various models like zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixson- Crowell, and Korsmeyer were applied to the formulations in order to determine the drug release mechanism of these formulations. All the natural gums and polymers were subjected to prepare various formulations with drug to polymer ratio 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Formulations in which the natural gums (guar gum and xanthan gum) were used alone with drug to polymer ratio 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. It was observed that both guar gum and Xanthan gum retards the drug release from the matrix tablets of both Carbamazepine and Phenytoin sodium up to 24 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2 formulation. Formulations containing HPMC alone as a sustaining agent retards the drug release for both the drugs up to 12 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2. CMC used in formulations alone as a retarding material, prolong the release of the drugs from the matrix tablets up to 8 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2. Similarly the polymers PVP-K90 were used alone in formulations where it sustained the drug release with drug to polymer ratio 1:2 up to 6 hours. It was also observed that when natural gums were incorporated with other polymers in formulations containing HPMC, CMC, and PVP-K90, enhance the sustaining effect as compared with the formulations prepared with polymers alone. It was observed that increasing polymers concentration decreased the release rate and enhanced sustaining effect. It was also seen that matrix tablets prepared by solvent evaporation method showed constant release, while those prepared by wet granulation method resulted fluctuation in release kinetics. Formulations prepared using natural gums with drug to gum ratios of 1:2 were subjected to in-vivo studies that showed promising results. Stability studies of successful formulations at normal and accelerated conditions were also carried out.