خواتین کے ساتھ مروجہ معاشرتی رویوں کا اسلامی تعلیمات کے تناظر میں جائزہ

Women have played an important role in the society sine time immemorial. In our era they are faced with even more responsibility but at the same time are also confronted with a lot of problems. In our part of the world some cultural attitudes still discourage them from getting their established rights. The factors responsible for this phenomenan interalaia include societal norms, orthodoxy and some social customs contrary to Islamic instructions. For instance discrimination against women could be in terms of inadequate nutrition, denial or limited access to education, health and property rights, child labour, domestic violence and forceful marriage. The Islamic instructions, derived from the Qur’┐n and Sunnah, clearly describe women’s rights but, due to some socio-religious customs and undesirable behaviour, her societal status and role has been badly affected. In this paper, some social customs have been analyzed in the context of Islamic instructions in order to provide academic material for bringing positive change in the society.

Improving Secondary Students English Essay Writing Skills by Implementing Portfolio Assessment in a Private School in Gilgit-Baltistan

Formative assessment or assessment for learning is a type of assessment that informs pedagogical practices and helps teachers to align learning activities with learning needs of the students. Portfolio assessment is popular formative assessment technique which is helpful in improving language learning. Therefore this study aimed at implementing portfolio assessment to enhance the essay writing skills of grade pre-ninth students in a private school in Gilgit-Baltistan, This study employed collaborative action research method. For this study, six research participant students of two slow learners, two average level learners and two high achieving students of grade nine were selected through purposive sampling. In addition, the English Language teacher of the same class was also a participant with a proposed role of equal contributor in the study as the researcher. The findings of the study illustrated that before the intervention the students had problems with essay writing. Moreover, from the document analysis and classroom observations I realised that the students needed practice on the structural composition as well as mechanics of writing such as spelling errors, punctuations and sentence construction. In particular, they often made grammatical mistakes and could not organize their ideas in a proper sequence to write a meaningful paragraph. However, after employing portfolio assessment in the classroom in collaboration with the participant teacher, there was a visible change in the writing skills of the students. Hence, they could write a grammatically correct and well organized descriptive essay. This research study presents the role of portfolio assessment in improving students writing skills. In addition, it would also encourage English Language teachers to implement portfolio assessment to enhance students' reading as well as writing skills. In particular, this study would be helpful in understanding the prospects of portfolio assessment in the context of Gilgit-Baltistan.