Discursive Reconstruction of the Native American Subject in Sherman Alexie's Works The Native American subject has been misconstructed by the Euro-American historical, media, literary and politico-juridical discourses for the White colonial capitalist agenda. Columbus, the most hated individual by the Native Americans, initiated their genocide in the name of civilization and service to Christ. Onwards from the discovery of the New World in 1492, Euro-American history, geography, politics, judiciary, literature, media and even religion all served as instruments of colonial project to construct Red Indians as a cannibalistic community whose extinction is unavoidable for the preservation of humanity. Sherman Alexie, a Coeur de Alene Native American author’s works reconstruct the Native American subject from tribal perspective. His revisionism discursively brings the Native American subject into interiority. The subject in The Summer of Black Widows and First Indian on the Moon, conscious of domestic imperialism, is proudly rooted in the past, challenges Euro-American misrepresentation without compromise and imaginatively reactivates the old American Indian cultural patterns and practices. It dismantles the historical oblivion and brings to the surface the cultural identity from pre-Columbian context to write back to the imperialist misconstruction. But the subject in Ten Little Indians, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian and Flight is simultaneously rooted in both the Euro- American and the Native American discursivities. In the latter case, the subject is realistically conscious of the existing milieu of the United States in which survival without acceptance of the multi-cultural and multi-racial institutionalized bioforce and governmentality is not possible. Flight and Diary offer a solution to the nihilist vision presented in The Indian Killer. The frustrated Native American subject is frequently bogged down into historical trauma, colonialism, alcoholism and racism but the subject in Flight, Diary and Ten Little Indians realizes the need for healing the ravages of traumatic inheritance of genocide. Forgiveness, compassion and empathy emerge as a solution to the imbroglio of agony and suffering. The optimist subject in Alexie’s latter works develops the simultaneous relationship with past and present: the former is necessary to preserve the tribal identity of the Native American culture and the latter is significant in view of the modern multicultural, multi-ethnic and technologized milieu of the United States.
اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ کسے جنگل وچ دو بکریاں رہندیاں سن۔ جنہاں دا آپس وچ بہت پیار سی تے اوہ اک دوجے اتے اعتبار وی کردیاں سن۔ دونویں جنگل دے پھل تے گھاہ کھا کے بہت موٹیاں تے سوہنیاں ہو گئیاں سن۔ جدوں اوہناں وچوں کسے اک اتے وی کوئی مصیبت آندی تاں اوہ رل کے اک دوسرے دی مدد کر دیاں تے انج اوہ مصیبت کولوں جان چھڑا لیندیاں سن۔ روز اوہ چرن لئی دوسرے جنگل جاندیاں۔ رستے وچ اوہناں نوں ہر ویلے خطرہ رہندا سی۔ کیوں جے بہت سارے خون خوار جانور اوہناں نوں کھانا چاہندے سن۔ پر اوہناں دے آپسی پیار پاروں اوہ حملے دی جرأت نئیں سی کردے، جویں کہ اک وار شیر نے اک بکری اتے حملہ کیتا۔ دوسری نے شیر دے ڈھڈ وچ سنگھ مارے تے شیر نوں زخمی کر دتا۔ شیر زخمی حالت وچوں اوتھوں دوڑ گیا۔ شیر دی سارے جانوراں سامنے بہت بے عزتی ہوئی تے اوہنے بے عزتی دا بدلہ لین لئی سوچنا شروع کیتا۔ پر کوئی وی حل اوس دے ذہن وچ نہ آیا۔
اک دن شیر نے لومڑی نوں سدیا تے اپنے پروگرام بارے اوس کولوں رائے منگی۔ لومڑی نے آکھیا کہ جدوں تائیں اوہناں وچکار غلط فہمی پیدا نہ کیتی جاوے۔ ایہہ کم ممکن نئیں ہونا۔ غلط فہمی پیدا کرن دا ذمہ اوس چکیا تے اوہ بکریاں ول چلے گئی۔
اک بکری چر رہی سی تے دوجی پانی پین ندی اتے گئی سی۔ اوس نے ایس موقع توں فائدہ چکدے ہوئے پہلاں بکری دی خیر خیریت پچھی تے بعد وچ آکھیا کہ اوس نوں پیاس نئیں سی لگی، اوہ بہانہ بنا کے تیرے کول جان چھڑوا کے گئی تاں جے شیر تیرے اتے حملہ کرے تے اوس دی جان بچی...
It is a matter of proven fact that Islamic shairat is a complete code of life. It is comprehensive and it covers all aspects of human life which include prayers, human rights, marriage, dealings, and justice, etc. Relation between two individuals of opposite gender [known as Nikah (the marriage) ] has also been given great importance and related issues have been discussed in detail, so that man and women, when related with each other, may live their lives happily and peacefully and to remain aloof from sins. In this article it has been comprehensively discussed if after marriage a man is not capable of having sexual relations i. E., Jamah or impotency. What should a woman do? In this respect, Islamic scholars presented different opinion; some consider that Nikah (marriage) would not be void, while others consider that the husband should be given one year time for medical treatment, and if after one year he did not gain the capability, then “Nikah” would be annulled. The word ‘impotence’ has different meanings, including: object to thing, and does not want women. According to Scholars’ terminology: impotence is the inability to penetrate in sexual intercourse. The sexually impotent adult husband identifies him an appointment for a year, if he does not have intercourse, then his impotency will be proved, and his wife may annul the marriage contract. If the sexually impotent is still young, he will not have an appointment. The mad sexually impotent wife postpone as the adult sexually impotent. Castrate wife postpone reserves and retention of marriage contract.
Maize genotypes including 64 in number were evaluated at early stage in greenhouse with the soil having 40-100% moisture levels for different seedling parameters on various genetic analysis revealed that the highest estimates of heritability were found for root fresh weight, root volume and shoot fresh weight, at 40% soil moisture providing the evidence that these plant characters are under the control of additive genetic effects. The results showed that selection should evolve the genetic material with improved characteristics within short time. The single linkage cluster analysis and principle component analysis identified the variation among these parameters and in genotypes under the different moisture levels. Genotypes 21 in number with moderately tolerant and drought susceptible backgrounds were further evaluated by using Inter simple sequence repeats markers to ascertain their biodiversity. So 14 number of parents with determined diversity were finally selected and were crossed in line x tester fashion and their F1 along with their related parents were grown using randomized complete block design with 3 replications under normal and 50% of normal irrigation field conditions. All the cultural and other practices were kept uniform to both plantings except irrigation. Various agronomic and physiological parameters were recorded and analyzed for analysis of variance, genotypic and phenotypic correlation, principle component analysis, cluster analysis, general combining ability analysis and specific combining ability analysis for both conditions. Highest range of broad sense heritability with higher genetic advance regarding different plant characteristics depicted that these plant characters were controlled by additive genetic effects. So, it indicates that a fast genetic improvement is found in the experimental material. Clusters with superior genotypes showed the genetic potential of accession to transfer the desirable genes to improve yield in maize. The best combiners for both normal and 50% of normal irrigation field conditions were L3 x T4 (015114 x EV-6098), L9 x T4 (015129 x EV-6098), L9 x T1 (015129 x Sahiwal-2002). These crosses might be useful as transgressive seggregants in subsequent generations. The lines viz 014955, 015084, 015114, Sahiwal-2002, Agaiti-2002, Ev-5098 and Ev-6098 were found as best parents. These lines may be exploited in future breeding program for drought conditions. On the basis of different inheritance pattern of each parameter, it was suggested that overall performance of the lines and their all possible combinations might be more useful while selecting for water stress condition.