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A Stylistic Analysis of The Headlines of Leading Pakistani English Dailies

Thesis Info

Author

Syyad Hassan Naqavi

Department

Department of English

Program

Mphil

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Subject

English Language

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728734697

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
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A Stylistic Analysis of The Headlines of Leading Pakistani English Dailies This research is based on the stylistics analysis of the headlines of Pakistan's English language newspapers. It is a purely descriptive study and has employed the theoretical framework of Chomsky's Transformational Generative Grammar. Many concomitant newspapers publish a common piece of news with stylistically different composition of words yet convey the same piece of information. This research has aimed to prove that newspaper headlines of Pakistani English dailies emerge under the influence of Noam Chomsky's Transformational Rules to produce quality headlines. In its philosophical aspect, this research is deductive and quantitative hence follows the positivist paradigm. A stylistic analysis of headlines of three Pakistani English dailies; Dawn, the News, and the Express Tribune, is conducted. The researcher has applied Chomsky's Transformational Processes (deletion, addition, substitution, rearrangement) (Chomsky N., 1967) and the Generative Transformations as stated by Nilsen in "Transformational Process; an oversimplified review" (Nilsen, 1977) on the headlines of the chosen dailies. He has found that the headlines are stylistically different yet represent the same piece of news, as Generative Transformations represent that a common idea or issue can be conveyed using stylistic variations. Headlines are compiled in the form of sets (34 sets) from the three dailies. The headlines of Dawn are used as untransformed headlines and are compared with the Express Tribune (Part I) and the News (Part II) as transformed headlines. Tree diagrams have been used to show the presence of transformations. ANOVA and T test are applied and sufficient evidence of the presence of stylistic transformationsisfound.ThissuccessfulpresenceofTransformationalProcessofGenerative Transformations has proved that the Transformational Generative Grammar is applicable to study that stylistic variations enable headlines of newspapers to share a common issue.
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تیسرا باب: تبلیغی جماعت

تعارف

پہلی جنگ عظیم (۱۹۱۴ء۔ ۱۹۱۸ء) کے بعد جب تحریک خلا فت ناکا م ہو ئی اور جنگ کے وقت کیے گئے کھوکھلے وعدوں کی کلی کھل گئی تو بہت سے مسلما نوں نے سیا ست سے بیزاری کا اظہار کر تے ہو ئے ایسی تنظیموں کے قائم کر نے کا ارادہ کیا جو افراد اور معاشرے کی نشا ۃ ثانیہ کیلئے کر دار اداکر سکیں۔ تبلیغی جماعت بھی ۱۹۲۷ء میں اسی مقصد کے تحت قائم کی گئی[1]۔

مولا نا محمد الیا سؒ (۱۸۸۵ء۔ ۱۹۴۴ء) تبلیغی جماعت کے با نی ہیں۔ جماعت کے قیام کا بنیا دی مقصد یہ تھا کہ مسلما ن اپنے سا تھی مسلما نو ں کو دین کی بنیا دی با تو ں کی تعلیم دیں تاکہ معاشرے میں ایک دینی فضا پیدا ہو جا ئے۔

۱۹۴۴ء میں مولانا محمد الیا س ؒکے انتقال کے بعد اُن کے بیٹے مولانامحمد یوسف کا ندھلو ی (۱۹۱۷ء۔ ۱۹۶۵ء)کو تبلیغی جماعت کا امیر بنایا گیا۔ مولانا محمد یوسف کے انتقال کے بعد مو لا نا انعام الحسنؒ (م: ۱۹۹۵ء) تیسرے امیر بنے۔

۱۹۹۵ء میں مو لا نا انعام الحسنؒ کے انتقال کے بعد نئے امیر کا انتخاب نہیں کیا گیا بلکہ ایک شوریٰ قائم کی گئی جس میں مو لا نا زبیر الحسن اور مو لا نا سعد کا ند ھلو ی شامل ہیں[2]۔

۱۹۷۸ء میں ورلڈ مسلم لیگ نے ڈیو س بری انگلینڈ میں ایک عمارت تبلیغی جماعت کے لئے وقف کی جسے مسجد میں تبدیل کیا گیا اور اس وقت یہی مسجد یورپ میں تبلیغی جماعت کا ہیڈ کوارٹر ہے[3]۔

تبلیغی جماعت کا عالمی مر کز پاکستان میں لا ہور کے قریب ایک...

ENVY A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

A negative feeling that creates displeasure and anger is known as envy. It is produced by the negative attitude towards others, having assets, greater characteristics and fair potential than him. It is a psychological disorder that creates a nuisance in society and leads to social discontent. Such kind of psychological disorder gives rise to hatred and creates an environment of enmity and mistrust. Its magnitude and impact are very high and result in conflicts and jealousy. Such a situation is disliked in Islam and is taken very seriously and rejected at all levels. It is a mental disorder that disturbs the human psyche at local and international levels, resulting in chaos and disorder. Islam guides its followers in particular but humans, in general, to remain away from it to save humanity from anarchy and psychological sickness. Islam respects humanity and guides us to preserve human dignity and values of life. It prescribes detailed solutions to such a problem to preserve human beings. In this paper, an attempt is made and a detailed analysis is provided about its occurrence within the Islamic context and methods of safety are provided to safeguard humans from the malice of envy.

Studies on Anticancer and Antileishmanial Potentials of Synthetic Compounds and Insight into Anticancer Mechanism of Selected Organotin Iv Compounds

Drug development has multiple stages of drug designing and evaluation in pharmacological models for desired clinical outcomes. The unmet need to completely eradicate cancer and leishmaniasis drives researchers to continue the struggle for safer and effective medicines. Along these lines, a library of 78 organic synthetic compounds including organotin (IV) (39), indoline (15), hydrazide (4), diazole (2) and ferrocene (18) derivatives were studied against Leishmania and cancer using in vitro, in silico and in vivo models. Cytotoxicity against DU145, THP-1 and isolated lymphocytes was shown by 36 (> 70%), 21 (> 50-70%), and 18 (least IC50 2.23 µg/ml) organotins and 1 (75.72%), 4 (50.2-82.3%) and 2 (least IC50 13 µg/ml) indolines, respectively. Only 5 (50.08-81.7%) hydrazides/diazoles and 9 (least IC50 6.66 µg/ml) ferrocenes were cytotoxic to THP-1 cells and lymphocytes, respectively. A total of 38 (least MIC 0.0122 µg/disc) organotins, 1 (least MIC 3.125 µg/disc) indoline, 3 (least MIC 1.5625 µg/disc) diazole/hydrazides and 17 (least MIC 0.74 µg/disc) ferrocenes demonstrated protein kinase (PK) inhibition activity in Streptomyces 85E. Next, in silico analysis of selected 36 organotin (IV) compounds, comparatively more cytotoxic to cancer cells, showed that these were druglike to mid structures, have low to high blood brain barrier penetration and human intestinal absorption (caco2 cell permeability 17.6-35.09 nm/sec) and were metabolized by phase I and phase II reactions. Organotins were also predicted to target multiple enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, transporters, ion channels and other proteins. Subsequently, in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in prostate cancer cell lines and fibroblasts provided least IC50 values of 0.17 µM (PC3M) and 1.67 µM (fibroblasts) for triphenyltin (IV); 0.63 µM (PC3M) and 0.12 µM (fibroblasts) for tributyltin (IV); 0.33 µM (PC3M) and 2.55 µM (fibroblasts) for dibutyltin (IV) and 6.06 µM (PC3M) and 4.29 µM (fibroblasts) for tribenzyltin (IV) compounds after 72 h of treatment. Eventually, in-depth study of two most active compounds namely dibutylstannanediyl (2Z,2’Z)-bis(4(benzylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (Ch-620) and triphenylstannyl 2-(benzylcarbamoyl) benzoate (Ch-319), showed that both compounds were more cytotoxic to prostate cancer and melanoma cells as compared to normal cells, restricted their colony forming capacity and migration, induced cell cycle arrest and caspase mediated apoptosis and disrupted associated regulatory proteins. Ch-620 resulted in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, upregulation of PPARα, decreased expression of SMAD4 and ITGB5 and reduced tumor proliferation as observed by proteomics, in vitro and in vivo xenograft studies. Treatment of cancer cells and transgenic Pten knockout mice with Ch-319 downregulated PI3K/Akt signaling associated with elevation of FOXO3a expression. In addition, Ch-319 decreased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers Ncadherin and Vimentin with concomitant increase in E-cadherin in in vitro. Immunohistochemical examination of tumor sections also depicted reduction of proliferation markers. Moreover, evaluation of 78 compounds against Leishmania tropica kwh showed that 37, 5 and 1 organotin, indoline and ferrocene compounds, respectively inhibited growth of promastigotes. The selected 43 compounds predominantly organotin (IV) derivatives, halted the growth of Leishmania promastigotes partially by producing reactive oxygen species. Antileishmanial activity was reduced by 4.1-6.9 and 1.4-7.96% in triphenyltin (IV), 3.3-14.22 and 6.3-11.2% in tribenzyltin (IV), 5.2-34.38 and 1.838.2% in tributyltin (IV) and 7.9-15.7 and 5.2-15.4% in dibutyltin (IV) compounds in the presence of sodium azide and mannitol, respectively. Indolines and ferrocenes demonstrated antileishmanial activity reduction maximally in the presence of mannitol by 5.3 and 6.22%, respectively. Considering all these results, it is proposed that Ch-319 and Ch-620 have potential to be developed as anticancer agents against prostate cancer. Furthermore, organotin (IV) compounds in particular are also potent antileishmanial agents and detailed analysis on their mechanism is recommended.