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Institutional Discrimination: A study of Family Institution in Their Eyes were Watching God and Passing

Thesis Info

Author

Abrar Ahmed

Department

Department of English

Program

Mphil

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Subject

English Language

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728734844

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Institutional Discrimination: A study of Family Institution in Their Eyes were Watching God and Passing This study brings to light the effects of institutional discrimination on African American families depicted in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston and Passing by Nella Larsen. African Americans try to use institution of marriage as a lever to uplift their social, moral and political status but American laws i.e. the Law of Legalization of Marriage, Naturalization (1855) , Jim Crow Laws (Florida law) and other established political, economic, social and marriage institutions framed discriminatory rules and created hurdles in their way. Under the aggravation of these rules, African American families are depicted insecure, weak, pathetic and loosely built. The issues of wretched Black American families have been analyzed in the selected novels in the backdrop of Critical Race theory. The theory deals with the issues of law, race and racial problems and works for the emancipation of victims. Textual analysis technique has been used in this study. The study concludes that racism is engrained in the fabric of American society resulting into devastating outcomes for African American family institutions which are no more institutionalized love affairs based on respect and mutual reciprocity. This ultimately has become the cause of poverty, suppression, split personalities, discrimination, sexual objectification, terrible hardships and stereotyping.
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مولانا سید فخرالدین احمد

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اسلام میں امن اور دہشت گردی کا تصور: ایک علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ

Islam is the religion of peace as is evident from the very meaning of  the word Islam which is derived from root word \" salam\" meaning peace and obedience. The advent of Islam has been a pannaca for all humanity and, ever since its inception, it has the distinction of contributing more and more to the betterment and progress of humanity. Its statute is crystal clear over all religions and systems. But unfortunately, there has been a systematic campaign to present Islam as a religion of violence. The  orientalists who tend  to misinterpret Islam by relying on some injunctions without looking into their specific context. The international media, under the influence of Jews, is also spreading a false propaganda. Moreover, certain elements with in Islamic world are also providing ample opportunity for the same. In such circumstances there is a dire  need to present the true spirit of Islam but such attempts are lacking in the Muslim world despite that it is one  of the major concern, This research paper is an attempt to present Islam in its true spirit in light of holy Quran and Sunnah. It is hoped that it would pave way for further research in the field.

Generalization of Bayesian Approach of Testing Many Hypotheses As Conditional Optimization Problem

Multiple hypothesis testing is an important topic in statistics. Therefore, the problem addressed in this thesis is an important one. It is also a topic in which it is difficult to make a significant improvement, for various reasons. One reason is that often different users may have different objectives and with multiple hypotheses there is no unique objective function. In the thesis is recognized this fact and as the objective functions, estimated the quality of made decisions, are used minimization of the probabilities of the errors of one kind at restrictions of the probabilities of the errors of second kind. Such approach is a new one which causes the uniqueness of the regions of acceptance of hypotheses and, consequently, improves the quality of hypothesis testing. Thus conditional Bayesian tasks of testing many hypotheses are stated and solved. The concept of conditionality is used for designation of the fact that the Bayesian tasks are stated as conditional optimization problems where the probabilities of one- type errors are restricted and, under such conditions, the probabilities of second-type errors are minimized. The properties of obtained decision rules are investigated, and, on their basis, it is shown that the classical Bayesian problem of hypotheses testing is a special case of the considered. The calculation results of concrete examples have shown that the qualities of offered conditional tasks surpass the quality of the classical Bayesian task. They completely confirm the results of theoretical investigations. The convenience, simplicity and naturalness of introduction of similar gradation Kiefer, viiviii (1977) by the level of certainty of hypotheses testing on the basis of concrete obser- vation result are shown in offered conditional tasks. Quasi-optimal procedures of many hypotheses testing are offered. They signif- icantly simplify Bayesian algorithms of hypotheses testing and computation of the risk function. The obtained general solutions are reduced to concrete formulae for multivariate normal distribution of probabilities. The methods of approximate com- putation of the risk functions in Bayesian tasks of testing many hypotheses are of- fered. The properties and interrelations of the developed methods and algorithms are investigated. On the basis of simulation, the validity of the obtained results and conclusions made is shown. The results of sensitivity analysis of the conditional Bayesian problems are given and their advantages and drawbacks are considered.