Evaluation of Online Machine Translating Engines: A Comparative Study of English into Urdu Machine Translation The study is about online machine translation systems and their comparative performance for English to Urdu language translation. Machine translation is an emerging field and is important to facilitate multilingual communication. In multilingual societies like Pakistan the demand for machine translation has increased sharply. Currently a number of online translators are providing automated translation services but do these tools provide accurate results and useful service is the subject that is under investigation. The current work is focused on evaluating the quality of four OMT systems, Google, Bing, Babylon and Worldlingo for English to Urdu translation through comparative analysis. Three types of source texts informative, expressive and operative written in English are selected by using Reiss’s (1997) text type classification (explained by Munday, 2001) for machine translation experimentation. The selected texts are experimented through each sample OMT engine and the obtained data is evaluated using the parameters and evaluation performa designed for the study. Help is taken from works of Hutchins and Somers (1992), Gaule and Josan (2012) and Halliday’s scale for accuracy and intelligibility used by Ellinder (2012) to design the theoretical framework and evaluation scale for the study. The study investigates the quality of sample machine translations through linguistic investigation, clarity evaluation, error analysis and comparative assessments. Evaluation process of the study is based on self perceived examination and 3rd person human evaluators’ observations. Using this collaborative evaluation technique quality of sample OMT engines is explored quantitatively through linguistic assessment at lexical and syntactic levels and through clarity assessment at semantic level. The strength and weaknesses of translation performance of sample OMT systems are also analyzed and discussed through error analysis of the experimented data. The obtained results from these three types of assessments are finally compared to develop arguments about performance of sample OMT engines. The results indicated marked differences in competency of sample OMT systems for English to Urdu translation.
سر آغا خان سر آغا خان کی وفات سے مسلمانوں کی ایک بڑی شخصیت اُٹھ گئی، وہ ایک اسلامی فرقہ کے امام و مذہبی پیشوا اور لاکھوں انسانوں کا مرکز عقیدت تھے، ان کی شخصیت بین الاقوامی تھی یورپ کے تمام ملکوں میں ان کا بڑا اعزاز تھا اور وہاں کے بڑے بڑے لوگوں سے ان کے دوستانہ تعلقات تھے، اس زمانہ کا کوئی بڑا سے بڑا اعزاز ایسا نہیں ہے جو ان کو حاصل نہ رہا ہو، ان کی پوری زندگی یورپ کے گہوارہ عیش و نشاط میں گزری، مگر اس میں پڑکر وہ اپنے فرائض سے کبھی غافل نہیں ہوئے۔ وہ بڑے مدبر اور بیدار مغز تھے، سیاست پر گہری نظر رکھتے تھے، علم و فن سے بھی ذوق تھا، کئی زبانوں سے واقف تھے، قومی و ملی جذبہ بھی رکھتے تھے اور مسلمانوں کے عمومی معاملات میں کبھی فرقہ کی تفریق نہیں کی، اپنے فرقہ کی فلاح و بہبود کے ساتھ عام مسلمانوں کے معاملات سے بھی دلچسپی اور عملی ہمدردی رکھتے تھے، چنانچہ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے قیام کی کوشش سے لے کر ہندوستان کی آزادی اور پاکستان کے قیام تک مسلمانوں کے بہت سے معاملات میں ان کی امداد و رہنمائی کی جس سے ان کو فائدہ پہنچا، ان کے خود نوشت حالات سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ دینی عقیدہ میں راسخ اور بعض مذہبی معمولات کے پابند تھے، اسلام کی تبلیغ بھی کرتے تھے اور ان کے ہاتھوں پر بہت سے غیرمسلم مشرف باسلام ہوئے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ان نیک اعمال کے صلہ میں ان کی مغفرت فرمائے، مسلمانوں میں اتنی بڑی شخصیت مدتوں میں پیدا ہوگی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اگست ۱۹۵۷ء)
The aim of this paper is to discuss some economic Islamic models given by some prestigious Islamic economists. The Islamic model is one of the examples for international economies in the starting of new millennium. It has its evaluation in the 1970s as an alternate to conventional banking system. The model is based on profit loss sharing and would not be based on interest. The study will focus on the proposed model and will discuss the issues that the model will be supposed to address. It was also address whether the model is applicable to Pakistan economy or not it will also be discussed. As we know that there is dual banking system in Pakistan. In order to make banking system to be truly Islam, there should be legal prohibition of riba. In other words, riba should be made unlawful and whoever deals with it can be prosecuted by law. By prohibiting riba, it will force the bank to be more creative in offering financing products rather than just loaning money. The study will attempt to show the comparison between conventional system and Islamic financial and discusses whether the Islamic system works smoothly on the economy of Pakistan. It also shows that Pakistan should change its dual banking system in Islamic banking system to change structure change. In addition, Islamic financing contract require real activities to be created. There will not be loans to finance extravagance lifestyle which is the source of bankruptcies among the younger generation. It is strongly recommended that Pakistan should enforce truly Islamic financial system to sustain its economy and avoid another economic crisis in the future.
The study was carried out to compare the conflict management styles and organizational environment in the old and newly established universities of the Punjab. The population of the study was comprised of four public sector universities of the Punjab including two old and two newly established universities. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 500 faculty members including 40 heads of the departments and 460 faculty members from the old and newly established universities of the Punjab. Two instruments namely conflict management styles inventory (CMSI) and organizational environment scale (OES) were used to conduct the study. The responded questionnaires were 38 from heads of the departments and 336 from the faculty members. So the response rate was 95 % from the heads of the departments and 73 % from the faculty members. According to the study, no significant difference was found in the conflict management styles and the organizational environments of the both types of universities. The study also inferred that, in the newly and old established universities, the integrating, obliging and dominating styles were being used. These styles showed impact on the organizational environmental factors like guidance & support, participation & coordination and teamwork. The frequently used style was avoiding in the newly established universities and its corresponding environmental factors were facilitations, participation & coordination and rewards & benefits. The compromising style negatively affects the professional development of the teachers. The age, gender, qualification, teaching experience and administrative experience had no impact on the use of conflict management styles.