Analysis of Thematic Progression Patterns in Burnt Shadows and The Cleft: A Comparative Study Thematic progression patterns play a pivotal role in creating not only coherence and cohesion in a text but also revealing thinking patterns of writers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate, identify and analyze thematic progression patterns to find out similarities and differences in thinking patterns of native and non-native writers. In this connection two novels, the Pakistani novel Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie and the British novel The Cleft by Doris Lessing are selected for data collection and analyzed by applying revised model of Danes (1974) as proposed by McCabe (1999). The study is delimited to fifty paragraphs from each novel, however, all types of thematic progression patterns: constant themes, simple linear themes, derived themes, split rhemes and miscellaneous themes progression are calculated. Both Qualitative and Quantitative techniques are used for collection and analysis of data. The nature of the present study is descriptive and the specific method used is content analysis. By applying McCabe's model of thematic progression patterns, similarities and differences between the two novels and frequency of thematic progression patterns are found out. Keeping in view thematic progression patterns theory, the conclusion is based on similarities, differences and percentage. The findings of the study show that there are differences in the novelists hailing from two different countries. The study reveals that five types of theme progression patterns are different: constant themes representing the trait of descriptive texts, split rhemes progression shows the occurrence of gaps and breaks in both the novels. Similarly, derived themes representing the academic nature of the texts, which shows the psyche of the writer's, simple linear themes progression representing the trait of expository texts and miscellaneous themes progression, shows lack of cohesiveness in both the novels. To sum up, the study shows that thematic progression patterns are helpful in revealing thinking patterns of writers.
حکام بالا ،بااختیارمقتدر عہدیداران اور ملازمین و اہلکاروں کے بغیر نظام حکومت نہیں چل سکتا ۔ حکام میں صدر ، وزیراعظم ، گورنرز، وزرا ءسےمشیروں تک، قضاۃ سے لے کر فیصلہ لکھنے والوں تک اور مفتیان کرام تک سب شامل ہیں ۔ ان سب مناصب پر اہل ، ایماندار اور قابل لوگوں کا تقرر لازمی امر ہے ۔ ان حکام کے انتخاب کے لیے شریعت مطہرہ نے اصول و ضوابط مقرر فرمائے ہیں جو کہ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: 2.1ریاستی عہدوں پر اہل افراد کا تقرر سیاست کا ایک بنیادی اصول یہ ہے کہ ریاست میں انتظامی امورکی انجام دہی کے لیے تمام عہدوں اور مناصب پر اہل، باصلاحیت اور ایماندار افراد کا تقرر کیا جاناچاہئے ۔ حکومت کے اختیارات اور اموال اللہ اور اس کے رسول ﷺ کی امانت ہیں جنہیں خداترس، ایماندار اور عادل لوگوں کے سپردکیا جانا چاہئے اور اس امانت میں کسی شخص کواپنی مرضی کے مطابق ، یا نفسانی اغراض کے لئے استعمال کرنے کاحق نہیں ہے ۔ جب کسی منصب پرکسی نااہل شخص کا تقرر ہوتا ہے تومعاشرہ میں بدامنی، ظلم وزیادتی اور بے چینی کا آنا لازمی امر ہے، جیسا کہ حضرت ابو ہریرہؓ سے روایت ہے "فَإِذَا ضُیِّعَتِ الأَمَانَۃُ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ، قَال کَیْفَ إِضَاعَتُہَا؟قَال إِذَا وُسِّدَ الأَمْرُ إِلَی غَیْرِ أَھلِہِ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ ۔" 345 ’’ جب امانت ضائع کردی جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ پوچھا کہ یا رسول اللہ امانت کیسے ضائع ہوگی۔ آپ ﷺنے جواب دیا کہ جب کوئی منصب کسی نا اہل کے سپرد کردیا جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ ‘‘ اقربا پروری، تعلقات اورسفارش کی بنیاد پر جب عہدے تقسیم کیے جاتے ہیں تو اس کا نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ نااہل اورناتجربہ کار لوگ عہدوں پر قابض ہو کر خلق خدا کو پریشان کرتے ہیں اور نظامِ حکومت برباد ہو...
Family is the basic unit of human society which forms in the shape of marriage between a couple. Historically, all human civilizations and religions have cared for the union between Man and woman by constituting norms and rules right from the solemnization till the death of any partner of the union. Similarly, the religion of Islam has provided all sort of guidance in this regard keeping in view the natural sensations of humans for cohabitation and making their lives pure as well as chaste. Generally, Islam does not encourage late or delayed marriages rather it incites its followers to marry at appropriate time after adulthood. However, nowadays trend of late and delayed marriages is getting popularity in our Pakistani society which is a point of deliberation for the social scientists and Muslim scholars. The current paper deals with this topic to elaborate its causes and suggests means for tackling in the light of Islamic instructions.
The purpose of this study was to explore and understand a PDT's perceived and performed roles in promoting teachers' professional development. The proponents of teachers' professional development believe that the presence of professional support has implications on teachers' classroom practices. The study was conducted in a lower-middle school with a PDT as a research participant. The study was carried out using a case study method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, document analysis, and informal conversations with the research participant. The data were analyzed using ongoing and summative analysis procedures. The findings of the study reveal that the PDT's presence in the school has been viable for teachers for enhancing their professional development. The findings indicate that teachers' professional development is embedded in the in-depth understanding of the teacher educator's insights regarding professional development. The PDT's perceptions about his roles indicate that creating a conducive environment is crucial, which provides a sound base for teachers' professional development. The PDT's collegial relationship and trust motivate teachers to take an active part in professional development activities. The study further indicates that the PDT's overarching role as a facilitator proved to be the driving force in developing teachers' potential. He facilitated the teachers by enriching the curriculum, aligning the student assessment with the modern teaching strategies, improving classroom teaching practices as a co-teacher, acting as an exemplary teacher and as a critical friend, and by observing and giving constructive feedback. The study also looks at the challenges faced by the PDT in executing his roles for enhancing teachers' professional development. It also makes some recommendations and offers implications for various stakeholders to bring improvement in the work of PDT. The study also suggests some areas for future research on the topic.