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Home > Role of Media in Democracy: A Case Study of Pakistan.

Role of Media in Democracy: A Case Study of Pakistan.

Thesis Info

Author

Javid Ahmed

Department

Department of International Relations

Program

Mphil

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Subject

International Relations

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728738168

Similar


In 2007 and 2008, Pakistan witnessed two historical events; the first lawyers' movement and the February 2008 general elections. On 9th March 2007, the then President General Pervez Musharraf, made dysfunctional the Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chuadhry. In response, lawyers' community and civil society stood behind the CJ and launched country-wide protest against the dictator. During this time, Pakistan was in turmoil situation. The CJ restoration movement overshadowed the political scenario in the country. The 2008 general elections held in conflict situation after the assassination of PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto. The elections were postponed till 18th February 2008 due to security reasons. Despite apprehension about the pre-plan rigging, the elections were held in comparatively peaceful atmosphere in the country. This study is carried out to evaluate the role of media, particularly the print media, played during the lawyers' movement and 2008 general elections. Content method is applied to obtain the result. From the result of the study, the print and electronic media provided tremendous coverage to lawyers' movement and 2008 general elections. The study outcome reflects that the press not only gave an enormous space to judiciary restoration and elections but did not bow to the ruler's pressure to stop the coverage of these events. The tone of the press was found mostly against the government and in favor of lawyers' movement and to hold free and fair elections. The study concludes that media played important role in the promotion of democracy in Pakistan, and free, liberal and impartial media is necessary for flourishing a healthy democracy in the country.
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۔غزل

شبہ بچھڑنے کا ہونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
نہیں ہے خواب کوئی بھی تھکن سے لپٹا ہوا
وہ ایک زخم مرے شوق کی نشانی تھا
نہیں یہ کم تو نہیں ہے کہ مدتوں مجھ کو
یہ میرے اشک بجھا دیں گے آگ اندر کی

 

ستم کِیا ہے کہ رونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
میں کہہ رہا ہوں کہ سونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
وہ ایک زخم جو دھونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
ہجومِ وقت میں کھونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
اُسے پتہ تھا جو رونے نہیں دیا اُس نے

أثر الاستشراق في اللغة العربية وآدابها

Orientalism is related to literature, geography and cultural studies. Orientalists have great impact on Arabic literature in the latter half of past century. In this article, it has been discussed the impact of orientalism on Arabic literature. Along with impact, orientalists and its aesthetics will also be discussed. When the orientalism emerged? What are the reasons behind it? A detail note on the relation of orientalism to Arabic language will also be presented. What are the reasons that orientalists motivate to write in Arabic Literature as this is the main theme of this article. Contribution of orientalist to the Arabic literature, especially in translation and manuscripts is the core objective of this article. The article also shows how the Arabic literature influences by Orientalism.

Evaluation of Impact of Climate Change on Pakistans Agriculture: Spatial and Temporal Analysis

The most crucial challenge in 21st century is the threat to agriculture sector through global climate changes. It has caused a significant impact on water and energy resources, agriculture sector and consequently food supply especially for developing countries. Pakistan is the frontline state confronting the serious concerns of climate change particularly grave water shortage. Its economy has been facing the challenges of global warming, devastating floods, persistent droughts, rising sea levels etc. Keeping in view extreme vulnerability to climate change, a comprehensive economic valuation was quantified across time and region so as to bring some workable policy solutions for the agrarian economy of this country. The present study consists of multifaceted approach including desk review of national policies of Pakistan falling within the purview of agriculture and climate change, mapping international and national reviews of climate change impacts on agriculture sector, assessment of extreme climate events, technical ranking of agro-climatic zones in accordance with farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and drought situation and lastly, assemblage and analysis of climate and agriculture data to develop climate change-agriculture linkages. A comprehensive meta-analysis of available literature for Ricardian studies revealed that 1°C increase in temperature decreased world farm land values by 1585 USD per hectare and 1mm increase in rainfall increased world farm land values by 69 USD per hectare while net climate change impact on farm land was negative where unit change in climate decreased farm land values about 614 USD per hectare. At continent level, climate changes were found to be blessings for Europe and America while Asia was found as the most vulnerable continent to climate change besides Africa that is also facing vulnerability to climate change. Funnel asymmetry plot and FAT showed that literature was free of publication bias and heterogeneity. Likewise PET showed negative effect of climate change on farm land values. The study also investigated the extreme climate events including flood zone, drought trends and severity. The cotton-wheat Sindh was most drought prone zone followed by rice-other Sindh, other Balochistan and cotton-wheat Punjab. The interpolated drought index assessed Chagai, Kharan, Panjgur, Kech, Gawadar and Awaran from Balochistan and Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Sakhar, Larkana, Nowshehro Feroz, Nawab Shah, Dadu and Khairpur from Sindh most susceptible to drought. The estimated farmers’ vulnerability to climate change showed that farmers of Khyber Pakhtun Khwah were most vulnerable to climate while farmers from other Balochistan and low intensity Punjab were also found to be at stake. While farmers from mixed Punjab and rice-wheat Sindh are least vulnerable to climate change. Spatial clustering in climate response function provides the evidence to add in the spatial impact in Ricardian studies. Furthermore, the interpolated climate normal were used in the study due to available climate data dearth. Ricardian estimates showed that 1 °C increase in temperature will decrease net farm revenues by 739 Rupees while 1 mm increase in rainfall will increase the net farm revenues by 10 rupees. Since the net climate change effect is 729 rupees per hectare. The optimal minimum temperature is 17.45 °C, optimal maximum temperature is 32 °C and optimal rainfall level is 250 mm for Pakistan. Climate response to net farm revenues in irrigated regions was estimated by loss of 6586 Rupees for irrigated and 117 Rupees in rainfed region indicating that irrigated region is more vulnerable to climate change in comparison to rainfed region. Threshold level of minimum temperature in rainfed is 18 C and in irrigated region is 20 C while optimal precipitation level in rainfed is 626 mm and in irrigated regions is 958 mm. farm type adaptation to climate change estimated through logistic regression proposed that for increased temperature, the irrigated farmers will prefer crop only farming and rainfed farmers will prefer mixed farming. However, the precipitation increase will attract farmers towards mixed farming in both regions. This all research endeavor showed the overall negative impact of climate change to agriculture sector in Pakistan particularly in districts of Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Narowal and Chiniot from Punjab, Zhob, Sibbi, Ziarat and Quetta from Balochistan, Chitral, Dir, Swat and Batgram from Khyber Pakhtun Khwah. Since farm type adaptations, use of good quality seed, and efficient agriculture extension services can reduce the vulnerability of agriculture sector to climate change to proceed towards sustainable development. The findings in this study would be a comprehensive addition in the existing body of literature that, on one hand, would help the researchers to continue exploring the new dimensions of research with advanced econometric techniques and on the other hand, help the policy experts to frame workable strategies for agrarian economy of Pakistan under unfriendly climate scenario.