کیویں لائیے جھوٹا لارا
ایہہ بھار ساڈے توں بھارا
توں جے ملنا نہیں سی سجناں
کیوں کیتا ایڈ پسارا
کدی تے سانوں سد مدینے
اے عرب دیا سردارا
دتی جان خدا دے راہ تے
تیرا شاہ حسینؑ پیارا
نہ دے سائل نوں توں دھکے
اپنا رکھ سوہنا ور تارا
The system of accountability is essential for the stability and development of any state. The department of accountability helps the Govt to evaluate the performance of its officer in order to block the way of corruption, dishonesty, and misuse of powers. Holy Prophet (ﷺ) introduced a new department for accountability and said that his pledge is the best time for accountability and named his era khayr-ul-quroon. These departments are legislators, judiciary, and administration. The institutions of accountability are summoned today as the Accountability Bureau. The aim of these institutions was to do work for the welfare of mankind and save humanity from the oppression of human beings. At an early age, these institutions were nominated as Dewan al-Ahtsab, Dewan- al-Mazloum. In Khilafat Rashida, many institutions were built on these concepts, and the Muslim ruler who came after them gave a complete system of Accountability. Later on, the names of these institutions were changed, but the aims of these institutions remained the same. This article explains the establishment of different types of accountability institutions in the era of the Holy Prophetﷺ and His companions and their function.
This qualitative study focuses on the effects of adult discursive practices on language, consciousness, identity formation and development of worldview of children as presented in contemporary literature. To gain the objectives of the study, three literary texts, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, The Road to Nab End by William Woodruff and Say You’re One of Them by Uwem Akpan, have been analyzed and interpreted using van Djik’s socio-cognitive methodological framework of micro and macro analysis in the context of language and linguistics. The analysis and interpretation of the texts, at the local and global level of discourse, is based on the Social Constructionist perspective with an emphasis on the children’s understanding of self/other, and the world and reality around them in the prevalent socio-political context, with respect to the dialogic process of meaning making between children and adults. Based on the analysis of language and discourse in the selected text, critical insights are drawn as conclusion, and these refer to adult discourse, which is marked by cultural, religious and political factors as its markers, poses cognitive borders for child’s understanding of his/her identity and social position in society. Moreover, adult rationale for war, violence, extremism and genocide not only confuse children’s concept of reality but has severe psychological, physical and cognitive consequences for their normal course of development. In conclusion, the adult responsibility towards children not only pertains to their physical care and protection but also to their psychological and cognitive growth and development into healthy and developed minds, which can lead the world towards a constructive future.