شیرمادر بینک (Mother’s Milk Bank) کا شرعی حکم

The emergence of human milk banks for premature and underweight babies in the early twentieth century raised many questions about the proscription of breastfeeding kinship as are in Islamic jurisprudence. Many Islamic scholars tries to find its solution in the light of Quran, Sunnah and the sayings of early Imams of Fiqh, but their opinion about this matter was different like the differences of sayings of some Imams, until Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences based in Kuwait and Islamic fiqh Academy Jeddah, called Summits on this issue and decided against the establishment of such banks in Islamic world. The issue seemed to be almost solved until European Council for Fatwa and Research launched an appeal in 2003 against their solution and demanded to legitimate the use of Human Milk from these banks for the children of Muslim families in Europe and USA using the public scourge canon (Umum al Balwa) of fiqh. This appeal once again opened the door of discussion on this matter. This article is an overview of the sayings of early and modern jurisprudents and pros and cons of human milk banks in the quest of solution of this modern problem in the light of Islamic shariah, so that a just and balanced opinion may be adopted in this matter as it is motto of Islamic Law. This discussion will also affect many new problems faced by Muslim communities in European countries as well as Islamic countries in modern era

Biological Properties, Clinical Implications and Role As Oxidative Biomarker of Human Paraoxonase

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between production of oxidizing species and their removal through antioxidant system. This imbalance is harmful for biological macromolecules like proteins, lipids and DNA. Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathophysiology of many diseases. To counteract the harmful effects produced due to over production of reactive oxygen species, living organisms are equipped with antioxidant defense mechanism. Paraoxonases (PON) are calcium bound enzymes having antioxidant properties. The PON family constitutes three isoforms including PON1, PON2 and PON3. Among these, PON1 is the most studied member with defined antioxidant property. Reduced PON1 activity has been reported in various disorders including Cataract. Cataract is third most prevalent age related disease responsible for blindness throughout the world. One of the key factors involved in progression of cataract formation is oxidative stress. Another possible contributor is accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) leading to non-enzymatic glycation of macromolecules particularly proteins. AGEs formation is not only accelerated in presence of hyperglycemia but also triggers production of reactive oxygen species leading to glycoxidation. Thus, interplay of both oxidative imbalance and glycation may play critical role in etiology of cataract. Objective of current study was to explore biological properties, clinical implications and role of Paraoxonase as oxidative biomarker. We chose cataract as a model disease to examine PON family members. Partial purification of PON enzyme was performed using human plasma through affinity and gel filtration chromatography. Partially purified samples were further subjected to SDS-PAGE and MS analysis. The fraction with highest PON1 activity was found to be albumin through mass spectrometric analysis. Our studies confirm that PON1 has a greater affinity for albumin and may exist in association with albumin. PON gene polymorphism has been studied to examine association between genetic variant with incidence of diseases. In current study, we examined PON gene polymorphism for PON1 (L55M & Q192R); PON2 (C311S & G148A) and PON3 (C133A) in normal and cataract subjects using tetra primer ARMS-PCR and RFLP followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Polymorphic sites 192R of PON1 and G148 of PON2 were found to be more frequent in cataract patients as compared to normal xi individuals suggesting these alleles to be disease specific in studied samples of Pakistani origin. Combine genotype analysis revealed L55/Q192 of PON1 and C311S/ 148A of PON2 in healthy individuals while G148/311S of PON2 among cataract subjects to be significant. PON1 L55M, PON2 C311S and PON3 did not show significant association with cataract. To explore the impact of glycation on PON1 and its biological activity, we incubated plasma from normal and cataractous subjects with sugars (glucose, fructose & galactose) for 15 days. Enzymatic activities (Paraoxonase and arylesterase) along with oxidative stress markers MDA and total ROS were measured. Time dependent structural changes in response to glycation were monitored through spectroscopic analysis while level of glycation was measured by AGEs quantification through ELISA. Our results indicated significant decrease in paraoxonase and arylesterase activities together with substantial increase in MDA and total ROS levels among all incubated samples. Most potent sugar was found to be fructose followed by galactose than glucose. The degree of glycation was found to be in order of fructose>galactose>glucose. To confirm the effect of fructose on PON1 activity, pure PON1 was incubated with fructose which showed 95% decline in PON activity as compared with respective control. In conclusion, our study highlights impact of polymorphism and genetic variation among PON family members in studied groups, biological role of PON1 as an antioxidant in response to glycation and implication of glycation on PON1 activity.