The word "Sofia" is plural of word "Sufi". Sufi means, a man who uses a simple dress and he is an emblem
of simplicity, contentment. He avoids all kinds of useless activities. Sufies, lead their lives according to the
teachings of Islam. These poius personalities worked in the Sub-continent for advancement, development
and glory of Islam. The field which gives us the knowledge about the lives of sufies is called Mysticism. So
In this thesis, general introduction of Mysticism, its meaning in light of Quran-o-Hadith, information and
teachings of Naqshbandia, Qadria, Chishtia, Sohrwardia will be discussed proving that their teachings
were not other than islamic Shariah.
The sufies and their companions acted upon the teachings of Islam and also preached them to public.
They worked to abolish all customs, traditions and practices against the Islam. They laid down the
foundation of an islamic society in which there will be no place for Terrorism, Sectarsim, Dishonesty,
Societal Partiality, Narcotics and all other losable activities. The lessons of these sufies were to construct
the society with Unity, Brotherhood, Modesty, Public Service, Patience, Prayer, Humbleness, Learning of
Education, Good dealings with others and Charity. Major problems faced to islamic society presently and
their solutions in the light of Sufies's teachings will be described.
BackgroundMany women enjoy wearing high heels despite knowing they can harm their feet. Many uncomfortable conditions can originate from wearing this shoe, leading to biomechanical changes in ankle joints. Hence, the study is aimed to identify the effects of massage therapy in improving muscular flexibility among women wearing high heels. MethodologyForty female participants with chronic heel pain were included in the single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Participants were divided into Group-A (Stretching and deep heat) and Group-B (petrissage and deep heat). The treatment was performed for 4 weeks, 3 sessions/week in both groups. Foot function index and ankle dorsiflexion were recorded at baseline and after 4-weeks of intervention. ResultsForty female participants with a mean age of 28.23±6.24 were recruited. Both groups showed significant improvement in all three variables, i.e. Pain, disability, and ankle dorsiflexion. However, Group-B showed more significant results with mean differences of 1.80±2.22 and 4.1±6.7 (p<0.05) for pain and disability, respectively. A similar result was observed for ankle dorsiflexion in which a mean difference of 0.95±1.08 in the left and 1.25±1.12 in the right ankle was observed. ConclusionBoth treatment programs are highly effective in reducing pain, reducing disability, and improving ankle joint ROM. However, petrissage massage and deep heating were superior to superficial heat with static stretching for females with chronic heel pain. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/006
In this study, stable isotopes of carbon (δ 13 C), sulfur (δ 34 S), oxygen (δ 18 O), hydrogen (δ 2 H), nitrogen (δ 15 N) and radioactive isotope of hydrogen (tritium) have been applied in combination with conventional techniques (physiochemical and biological) to investigate Karachi Coastal water pollution due to Layari and Malir rivers, which mainly carry Karachi Metropolitan domestic and industrial wastewater, and to determine the effect of seawater on the aquifer system of the area. Physico-chemical (pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity), biological (fecal coliform), heavy metal and stable isotope (carbon and sulfur) characteristics of Layari and Malir rivers water, Karachi coastal waters and sea sediments showed that Karachi Metropolitan domestic sewage and industrial effluents were the main source of coastal water pollution, and coastal water of Manora Channel was heavily polluted as compared to water of southeast coastal area of Karachi. However, the northwest coastal water was marginally polluted. Turbidity and fecal coliform population levels in seawater of Manora Channel and some locations along southeast coast (Ghizri area and Ibrahim Haideri) were found above the WHO recommended threshold limits set for seawater bathing. Heavy metal contents of Manora Channel and southeast coastal waters were higher than the Swedish guidelines for the quality of seawater. In contrary, heavy metal concentrations in coastal sediments were found to be significantly higher than that of seawater. Mn and Ni contents in sediments of entire coast (Manora Channel, southeast and northwest coast) were above USEPA guidelines except at Buleji site, whereas Cr, Zn and Cu levels only in Manora Channel sediments were higher than USEPA guidelines. The higher heavy metal contents of Manora Channel water and sediments can be attributed to an influx of a major portion of untreated industrial and/or domestic wastewater. Layari and Malir rivers water was observed to be depleted in δ 13 C (TDIC) and δ 34 S which showed heavy influx of sewage into these rivers. Manora Channel water was also depleted in δ 13 C TDIC and δ 34 S during low tide environment showing a large scale domestic wastewater mixing with seawater. Southeast coastal water was found to be slightly enriched in δ 13 C (TDIC) and δ 34 S and exhibited mixing of relatively small quantity of sewage with the seawater as compared to Manora channel. δ 13 C (TDIC) and δ 34 S contents of northwest coastal water were close to the values meant for normal seawater. δ 13 C and δ 15 N contents of Karachi coastal seaweed ranged from -31.1 to -4.9 ‰ PDB and 6.1 to 17.8 ‰ Air, respectively. Average δ 15 N values (10.2 ‰ Air) of Ulva spp. collected from non polluted northwest coast was higher as compared to average δ 15 N contents (8.0 ‰ Air) of Ulva fromii Manora Channel suggesting that nitrogen isotopic ratios of Ulva spp. could be a good indicator of sewage pollution. The results of a two component isotope mass balance equation using δ 13 C and δ 34 S values for Layari and Malir rivers and coastal water indicated that tide conditions and distance of sampling site from the pollution source were the main factors to control transport and dissemination of Layari river pollution into Manora Channel. High tide environment slowed down the Layari river water mixing with seawater coupled with a gradual decrease in pollution levels from Layari river out fall zone to Manora Lighthouse. Physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater showed that shallow aquifer system was not generally affected by seawater intrusion. Deep groundwater was observed to be moderately (chloride contents 1000- 2000 ppm) to highly saline (chloride contents > 2000 ppm). However, shallow and deep well located in vicinity of the Malir and Layari rivers showed fecal coliform contamination which rendered their water unfit for drinking. An anion based piper diagram showed predomination of chloride and bicarbonate ions relative to sulfate (SO 4-2 ) ions in coastal groundwater. It was inferred from Piper diagram that shallow aquifer system was predominantly replenished by freshwater (mainly Layari and Malir rivers basin), while salinity of deep aquifer owes to the seawater intrusion or entrapped salinity. The δ 18 O composition of groundwater and δ 2 H vs. δ 18 O relationship for groundwater of coastal aquifer also indicated that shallow aquifer system was predominantly recharged through fresh water sources. Salinity of deep aquifer seemed to originate from seawater intrusion and/or from entrapped salinity. These finding were strongly endorsed by anion and stable isotope interpretations such as Cl - concentration vs δ 18 O, Cl - /HCO 3-1 ratio vs δ 18 O values and SO 4-2 contents against SO 4-2 /Cl - ratio of shallow and deep aquifers. The present study has demonstrated that stable isotopes (δ 13 C, δ 15 N, δ 34 S, δ 2 H and δ 18 O) can be effectively used to monitor the marine pollution and to investigate origin of salinity in the coastal aquifer. This study may also provide a precise and accurate isotopic database for researchers interested in seawater pollution and its effect on benthic life.