Quality is an important aspect in education. There are many parameters such as drop-out rate, teacher-
student ratio, class-size, physical facilities, educational facilities, hostel facilities, information and
communication technology, parents and community participation in children education, monitoring
and assessment, homework assignment, students and teachers absence, actual size of classrooms,
participation in pre-primary/early childhood education, teacher’s qualification and professional
development, administrative and financial autonomy of Principals, coordination between staff and head
of schools, competency in English, mathematics and science and reading proficiency in Urdu and
English that reflect the quality of education. These were used as bases of comparison for quality
enhancement measures in public and private sectors’ institutions. Total sixty four (64) schools were
randomly selected, thirty two (32) schools from private sector and thirty two (32) schools from Govt
sector.
A questionnaire was developed and distributed among the principals of sample schools to collect
relevant information. Achievement tests were prepared in the subject of science, English and
mathematics to compare the academic achievements of Govt and private schools’ students. Hundred
(100) test item for science, hundred (100) for English and fifty (50) test items for mathematics were
taken. The tests thus taken were marked and other collected data was analyzed by using different
statistical tools, i.e. average (mean), percentage, standard deviation, t-test and correlation.
The findings of the study indicated that the performance of private boys and girls schools was better
than the performance of the Govt boys and girls School’s in all the three tests and English reading
competency while in Urdu reading both type of students were same. Principals of the boys and girls
private had more administrative and financial powers as compared to the principals of Govt girls and
boy’s schools. Parents of private school students participated actively in their children’s education as
compared to the parents of Govt school’s students. All kind of facilities were better in boy’s and girl’s
private schools as compared to Govt boys and Govt girl’s schools. Teachers’ academic and professional
qualifications were similar in both types of institutions. Results of the achievement tests were highly
correlated with the results of examination conducted by BISE.
مجھے فخر ہے کہ میں پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کا کارکن ہوں ۔جس نے ہمیشہ اقلیتوں کے حقوق کو عزت دی ۔پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کو یہ اعزاز حاصل ہے کہ سینٹ میں لعل دین اور کرشنا کماری لولہی کو سینٹرز منتخب کروانے کے بعد پہلی بار عام نشستوں سے تین ہندو ڈاکٹر مہیش کمار ملانی قومی اسمبلی اور دو صوبائی کے ارکان گیان چند اسرانی ،ہری رام کشور لال ارکان کو منتخب کروایا ۔
Background of the Study: LBP is a common condition that can be specific or non-specific. Non-specific LBP, which has no known cause, is responsible for 90% of cases and causes pain in the back from the 12th rib to the inferior gluteal folds.
Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design in which both males and females completed the Oswestry low back questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: 85 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 38±9.603. Pain levels varied among patients, with 23 reporting no pain, 29 with light pain, 23 with moderate pain, and 10 with pretty severe pain. Patients had varying degrees of self-care ability with 13 able to care for themselves without triggering pain and 4 requiring daily assistance. Most patients (75 out of 85) had minor disabilities, while 10 had moderate disabilities. The relationship between the ODI score and the question was found to be similar.
Conclusion: The data suggest that individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain have only a limited impairment, and only a few suffer from moderate sickness that affects their social lives. Non-specific persistent low back pain is not connected with gender differences in functional impairment.
The purpose of this research was to provide a comprehensive analysis of international trade in order to evaluate and determine the challenges it poses, and opportunities, it offers to Pakistan’s Cotton, Textile and Apparel Sector. The research is based on secondary data sources. World Bank, WTO, UNCTAD, and a lot of other valuable and authentic reports from the authors of repute have been consulted to understand the increasingly complex international trade relations in a globalizing world. Volumes of government reports, position papers, handouts and books have been searched to appreciate the dynamics of Pakistan Cotton, Textile and Apparel Sector. The research thesis endeavors to capture where the challenge is. What is at stake? Who are the players? What are the opportunities in the international market place? How these challenges can be translated in to opportunities? Brief account of recent trade development and the relationship between global and domestic trading arrangements have been discussed. Role of politics in shaping decisions and managing power both at domestic and global level, significance of international commitments, and influence of historical, cultural back grounds, shared ideas and beliefs, and individual mind set in competing interests in the domestic economy have also been dilated upon. Analytical findings reveal that Pakistan has comparative edge on the basis of comparative advantage, reveal comparative advantage, relative trade advantage, and trade complementarities. The estimated value of revealed comparative advantage of cotton in Pakistan is 18 which is very high than unity which implies that Pakistan has great opportunities in the export of cotton and cotton manufacturing. Moreover, the estimated values of balasa and Lafay index for all cotton and cotton products are very high which reveal that Pakistan has trade competitiveness in the cotton and cotton manufacturing. The estimated value of relative trade index for primary products, cotton seed, cake of cotton seed and cotton linter, are positive which imply that these products are highly competitive, while oil of cotton seed and cake of cotton seed are uncompetitive. Furthermore, the value of trade complementarities variable for USA, EU, Japan and Canada (trading countries) are greater than unity except SAARC countries. This means that trading with SAARC countries in cotton and cotton products is less profitable as compared to other countries where cotton trading is highly profitable. Still domestic resource cost analysis (DRC) proves that Pakistan has greater opportunities in cotton production. The values of reveal comparative advantage and relative trade advantage further suggest that Pakistan has greater opportunities and prospects for exporting cotton and cotton manufacturing. Similarly trade complementarities show and suggest that Pakistan should focus on Middle East market with highest trade complementarities, followed by Canada, USA, EU, SAARC countries and then Japan. Bt transgenic cotton is widely grown in the cotton growing areas of Sindh and Punjab. Bt cotton can play a significant role to enhance agricultural productivity as the productivity of cotton in Pakistan is 0.5 ton/ha as compared productivity of Bt cotton in China is 9 ton/ha which implies a huge cotton productivity gap. This gap can be narrowed down by the adoption of Bt cotton in Pakistan which will have major impact on food security efforts in the country. Urgent efforts are required to focus on cost efficiency, higher productivity with quality of cotton, export diversification of cotton products, export oriented policy and market perspective to become more competitive in the global cotton market. There is also a need to strengthen the cotton - textile value chain with back ward and forward linkages. Unique products have to be developed, and a shift from comparative advantage to competitive advantage is the way forward.