Economic activities of man encompass most of his time and energy. All his life, from dawn to dusk, man keeps striving for a suitable living. Economic activities are linked with banking system in present era. But, unfortunately, the banking system across the world, by and large, does not base on the Islamic economic rules. In this research thesis such prospects have been discussed to see what guidance does Islam provides for the matters concerning to economics. The following question have been taken into account: What is the importance of wealth in Islam? What are the chief centers of wealth today? Do the economic activities of these financial centers consider the religious decorum? If not then does Islam provide us substitution for them? Truly, Islam provides a long list of substitutions, but in this thesis, the study has been confined to Musharka, Mudraba, Murabaha and Ijara, only. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter discusses the concept of wealth in Islam, conventional and Islamic banking while the second to the fifth chapters describe above mentioned Islamic modes of financing. Initially, in each first section of all the chapters, rationales of these modes of Islamic finance have been discussed, relatively; in the second sections of each chapter, their conditions and rules have been discussed, whereas, the third section of each chapter consists of discussion on the applications of these modes of Islamic finance such that what Islamic mode of finance can provide substitution for what instrument of conventional banking; moreover, in the present time Islamic banking has been given a review, its limitations and shortcomings are discussed to see how they can be removed and improved. It has been discussed that what are the fundamental resources and Islamic methodology of Islamic banks in the present time and how the best implementation can influence them effectively. This study may help to solve some of the problems in the field of Islamic economics with the grace and the benevolence of Allah Almighty.
اردو اور فارسی شاعری کے علاوہ اقبال نثری تصانیف بھی لکھتے رہے۔ ان کی نثری کتب کی بھی بہت اہمیت ہے۔ ان کی پہلی نثری کتاب” علم الاقتصاد“ تھی جو 1904ء میں شائع ہوئی ۔ اقبال اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں اقتصادیات اور تاریخ پڑھاتے تھے اس وقت معاشیات پر آپ نے اردو میں یہ کتاب لکھی اور خود ہی شائع بھی کروائی ۔اس کتاب کے مقدمہ میں اقبال نے غریبوں ، کسانوں اور ناداروں سے بہت محبت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ زمینداروں، سرمایہ داروں اور کارخانہ داروں کے ظلم اور ناروا سلوک کا بھی اقبال نے ذکر کیا ہے۔ مقدمے کے آخری جملے میں اقبال نے علامہ شبلی نعمانی کا شکر یہ ادا کیا ہے کیونکہ علامہ شبلی نعمانی نے کتاب کے زبان و بیان کی اصلاح فرمائی تھی۔ اس طرح اقبال کی پہلی کتاب کو علامہ شبلی سے بھی نسبت رہی ہے۔
هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى وضع أنموذج لقيادة مٌديري المدارس التغيير التربوي بسلطنة عُمان في ضوء بعض النماذج المُعاصرة، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، كما استخدمت نظرية تحليل المضمون في تحليل الوثائق في جمع البيانات والمعلومات. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى وضع أنموذج لقيادة مٌديري المدارس التغيير التربوي بسلطنة عُمان تكون من سبعة مراحل هي: الإيمان العميق بضرورة التغيير، وتشكيل فريق إدارة التغيير، ونشر ثقافة التغيير، ووضع خطة للتغيير، وتنفيذ التغيير، وتقويم التغيير والاحتفال بالنجاحات، والمٌتابعة والتغذية الراجعة المٌستمرة.
Some of the authors argue that one of the most powerful foundations for educational reform is having a focused personal vision. It provides direction and gives meaning to our work. All leaders have the capacity to create a compelling vision but few of them have the ability to transform their visions into reality. The question arises here that what are the sources, which influence educational leaders to develop their focused personal visions. Similarly, how their leadership practices are different from leaders who do not have focused personal visions. Thus, this study seeks to explore the sources which influence educational leaders to develop their focused personal visions and how they enact their visions through leadership practices. The study employed comparative case study approach. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. Two educational leaders of different organizations in Karachi were the primary research participants. Two staff members of each organization were also interviewed to find out their views about the leadership practices of their leaders. Their personal visions were to enhance the capacities of teachers and teacher education programme. The findings of the study suggested that personal values, interests, needs and beliefs influenced both educational leaders to develop their focused personal visions. Religious, social and cultural sources were found the prominent influencing factors of both educational leaders' personal visions. Both the educational leaders developed their own educational organizations to enact their personal visions. The findings also revealed that the educational leaders also have had the leadership style of strategic, empowering and emancipating outlook i-e both of them believed in developing shared visions, collaborative decision making, individual stimulation, setting directions and providing professional development opportunities. The study makes recommendations of: 1) exploring how personal visions are transformed into shared vision of the organization; 2) a quantitative study can be conducted on exploring the sources of personal visions; 3) exploring the practices of visionary leaders could be another interesting study.