A Study of Human Motives In The Light of The Holy Quran
This research work aims at the study of human motives of actions and behaviour in the light of the Qur'an,
psychoanalysis and some theories of behaviorism and genetics. It also includes the study of the factors,
which initiate, motivates and affect the motives behind human actions and behaviour.
Mainly, psychoanalytical or psychodynamic approach has been adopted. However, in addition to it,
following are some of the theories, which, have largely been employed in this research work:
1. Genetic Behaviour
2. Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura
3. Situational Attribution by Philip Zimbardo
4. Hierarchy of Human Needs by Abraham Maslow
5. Narcissism
We believe that God is the creator of man, He knows him well. He knows the innermost secrets of his
heart. Since we know from the holy scriptures that God wants to cure and correct man's actions and
behaviour, it is obvious that He must have revealed to man his true nature and the real motives of his
actions and behaviour in His divine books, especially in the Qur'an; so that, man may beware of himself
and his true nature and may improve his actions and behaviour with the help of this knowledge. This is
the theme of this research thesis. Therefore, the postulation of this research work is that God is the best
psychoanalyst.
Some philosophical and metaphysical problems have also been discussed in this research work to
establish foundations and parameters for the proposed study. Then, different modes of human behaviour
and actions, mentioned in the Qur'an, have been discussed in the light of the Qur'an, psychoanalysis,
psychodynamics, and the above-mentioned theories of behaviorism and genetics. Next, the good and bad
personalities of the Qur'an have been discussed to determine the motives of their behaviour and the
factors, which caused such behaviour. Next, the nations and their collective behavior have been analyzed
with the same methodology. Scientific theories of behavior, except for genetics, are least consulted here
as the author believes that human behavior and motives are not a subject completely scientific. They are
more the subject of social sciences. In the end, the thesis concludes with some conclusions and
recommendations for possible application of the findings of this work and for further research work, in
the future.
موضوع9:تحقیق میں مفروضے کی اہمیت مفروضات: مفروضات ،مفروضہ کی جمع ہے اسے فرضیہ بھی کہتے ہیں مفروضہ یا فرضیہ کی فن تحقیق کے ماہرین نے مختلف تعریفیں کی ہیں۔سادہ اور پچیدہ مسائل کے لئے فرضیات کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ ان کے اطلاق کی مثالیں ہمیں روزمرہ معمولات میں ملتی ہیں۔ فرضیہ ایک آزمائشی اور توضیحی بیان ہوتا ہے جو دو یا دو سے زیادہ متغیرات کے تعلق کے بارے میں موجود ہوتا ہے۔ اس تعلق کا تجرباتی طور پر مشاہدہ کیا جا سکتا ہے۔چونکہ فرضیہ تحقیق کا ایک اہم ذہنی آلہ ہوتا ہے ، اس کی حیثیت ایک سائنسی اندازے کی ہوتی ہے جو کسی عملی یا نظری مسئلے سے متعلق متغیرات کے تعلق کے بارے میں قائم کیا جاتا ہے۔سید جمیل احمد رضوی کے بقول: "روزمرہ زندگی کے معمولات میں رائے(Opinion)کا لفظ کثرت سے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ شروع میں محقق زیرتحقیق مسئلے کے حل کے لیے کوئی ایک رائے یا چند آرا قائم کرلیتا ہے۔ان میں سے ہر ایک کو فرض یہ کے نام سے تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے۔" ہل وے کے مطابق: "لغت کے اعتبار سے فرضیہ اس کو کہا جاتا ہے جو نتیجے یا نظریے سے کم یا کم یقینی ہوتا ہے۔ یہ ایک معقول اندازہ ہوتا ہے جس کی بنیاد اس شہادت پر ہوتی ہے جو اندازہ لگانے کے وقت موجود ہوتی ہے۔محقق دوران تحقیق کئی فرضیات بنا سکتا ہے یہاں تک کہ وہ آخر میں ایک ایسا فرضیہ یا لیتا ہے جو زیرتحقیق صورتحال سے بہت زیادہ زیادہ مناسبت رکھتا ہے یا جو تمام معلومات کی توضیح نہایت عمدہ طریقے سے کرتا ہے۔" ڈاکٹر شین اختر کے بقول: "مفروضہ اسکالر کو حقائق اور اعداد و شمار کی ایک وسیع و عریض دنیا میں لے آتا ہے ،جہاں اسے اپنے کام کے مواد کا انتخاب کرنا ہے۔یہ مواد ایسا ہوتا ہے...
During Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's term as Prime Minister, the law and order situation deteriorated throughout the country in general, and in the provinces of NorthWest Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan in particular. For multiple reasons, the mutual distrust between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the political leaders of the respective provinces never allowed them to overcome their personal and party interests and establish a harmonious working relationship. Accusations of conspiracy, worsening law and order, and political assassinations, were the dilemmas that agitated the whole country. One of the victims of the political assassination was Hayat Muhammad Khan Sherpao, a leading activist of the Pakistan People's Party and former Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The incident of his murder commenced the series of legal disputes and cases of treason filed against the opposition leaders in courts and tribunals, which marred the political scenario of the country till the very end of the Bhutto era. The lack of research on political assassinations in Pakistan is a crucial oversight, especially considering the frequency of the phenomenon and its implications. This study attempts to highlight the main theoretical and political implications of assassinations and identifies some promising directions for further research, in the hope that this unique type of political violence will be better understood in the future.
This research focuses on the neutronics analysis of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, Unit-II (CNPP-II) loaded with UO2 fuel and to find the feasibility of MOX fuel usage to augment the fuel resources. For this purpose, a fully heterogeneous full core model of CNPP-II is developed employing two state of the art Monte Carlo codes, the Monte Carlo N-Particle, version-5 (MCNP5) and OpenMC. The model is then employed to simulate different operating conditions of the reactor core and the results are benchmarked against measured data. The important safety parameters like fuel and moderator temperature coefficients and reactivity worth of control elements are also calculated and compared with reference data. For fuel depletion studies, a new code, Linkage of ORIGEN2.2 and OpenMC (LOOP) is developed and verified against the previously published pin cell benchmarks. The validation of LOOP is carried out using the Takahama-3 experimental benchmark results. The detailed burnup calculations of the first cycle of the reactor are carried out and compared with the experimentally measured data at beginning, mid and end of cycle using fresh UO2 fuel. Since the reactor of interest is a commercial PWR, which is to be kept critical and the negative fission product effects are compensated by lowering the chemical shim concentration. Therefore for validation of burnup simulations, the chemical shim concentrations are varied as per reactor requirements. The power distribution results at Beginning Of Cycle (BOC), Mid Of Cycle (MOC) and End Of Cycle (EOC) are compared with the plant measured data. The depletion of Boron-10 in burnable poison rods is also analyzed and compared with the benchmarked results. The production of Cs-137 with burnup, which is considered as a benchmark in gamma spectroscopy, are also analyzed. After validation of LOOP, the feasibility of 1/3rd MOX fuel along with UO2 fuel is also studied. All the important neutronics parameters are reassessed and compared with those of UO2 fueled core. It is observed that the MOX fuel can safely be used in the PWR along with UO2 fuel with the sacrifice of slightly lower but acceptable neutronics safety parameters.