البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Electrochemical Assay of Various Polymeric Products for Phthalate Contents

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer in polymeric products, deodorants, nail polish, printer inks, insecticides, toys, PVC shower curtains, lubricants, food wraps, blood-bags, catheters, etc. They can disrupt endocrine functions and induce reproductive and developmental problems. Because of the ubiquity of phthalates and their potential role in increasing risk for cancer and reproductive dysfunction, there is an ever increasing demand for analytical methods suitable for their monitoring in various environmental and biological matrices. The present work addresses the development of four new polarographic and voltammetric methods for the determination of the mentioned toxic organic compound in polymeric products. In the first part of the study a faster, simpler and sensitive method was developed for determination of aliphatic phthalates using differential pulse polarography (DPP) as standard technique. The choice and concentration of base electrolyte, solvent, initial potential, effect of water addition and interference by other phthalates were the main parameters to optimize for enhancement of peak current and to obtain well-defined polarogram with lower background current using 1.3 x 10-4 mol L-1 dibutyl phthalate (DBP) solution. Best results were obtained in the presence of tetra methyl ammonium bromide (TMAB) as electrolyte in methanol solvent with initial potential, -1.4 V. A linear calibration plot was observed in the range of 3 x 10-7 – 1.6 x 10-4 mol L-1 DBP solution as model for aliphatic phthalates with lower detection limit of 5.9 x 10-8 mol L-1 and linear regression coefficient of 0.9987. The developed polarographic method was successfully applied for analysis of aliphatic phthalates in various samples of locally available polymer products such as baby toys, nipples, teethers, infusion blood bags and shopping bags. The results of the current method were compared with those obtained by a reported method and good agreement was found between them. A fast, simple and highly sensitive Square Wave Voltammetric (SWV) method was developed for determination of total water soluble phthalates using 95% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as an example at glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The study showed that 100 μmol L-1 aqueous solution of DBP gives best response with 0.05 mol L-1 Tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB), at stirring rate of 1400 rpm, deposition time, 20 s and pH value, 4.0±0.1. The optimum frequency and scan rate was 100 Hz and 0.9 V/s respectively. Voltammetric response was linear in 3 ranges, 70–110 μmol L-1, 20–60 μmol L-1 and 2–10 μmol L-1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9873, 0.9978 and 0.9935 respectively and limit of detection (LOD), 0.47 μmol L-1 for total water soluble phthalates in aqueous medium. The developed method was successfully applied for total phthalates determination in various samples of water stored in PVC coolers and plastic bottles. A new simple, fast and sensitive differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the determination of different aliphatic phthalates. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), didecyl phthalate (DDP), and diallyl phthalate(DAP) can be determined in 0.1 mol L-1 TMAB methanol using a hanging mercury drop minielectrode and a meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode. Optimum conditions were found including concentration and composition of supporting electrolyte and solvent, scan rate, pulse amplitude, pulse width, etc.. Both peak potentials and peak heights of DEB, DBP, and DDP are similar suggesting the possibility to determine their mixture by measuring the total peak height of the mixture of these three substances and the DPV peak of DAP is shifted to less negative potential because of electron withdrawing effect of allyl substituent which, is in agreement with negative value of Hammett constant for allyl (σp = –0.14). The results showed that the peak potential of model mixture of these phthalates do not differ by more than ± 15 mV from peak potentials of individual phthalates and experimentally found peak heights corresponding to different model mixtures do not differ by more than 10 % (HMDmE) or 20 % (m-AgSAE) from the calculated sum corresponding to individual compounds present in the model mixtures. It was verified using model mixture containing different concentrations of DEP, DBP, and DDP (the total concentration being in the range 2–10x10-6 mol L-1 that an approximate estimation of the sum of above mentioned substances can be carried out with relative error around ± 20 % for HMDmE and ± 30 % for m-AgSAE, respectively. Due to the risk associated with mercury toxicity, there is an increasing trend among analytical chemists to replace mercury with some non toxic electrode materials. For this purposed new voltammetric method have been developed for the determination of aliphatic phthalate such as DBP, DEP, DDP, and DAP esters at newly synthesized silver amalgam paste electrode ( AgA–PE) Another simple, faster, and sensitive differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the determination of different aliphatic phthalates such as DBP, DEP, DDP, and DAP in 0.1 mol L-1 TMAB in methanol solvent. Optimum conditions were found included concentration and composition of supporting electrolyte, methanol as solvent, scan rate, pulse amplitude, pulse width, etc. Linear calibration curves were obtained from 1 x 10-5 to 1 x 10-6 mol L-1 concentration range for different aliphatic phthalate esters. These newly investigated methods are more efficient, economical and sensitive for the analysis of the phthalic acid or phthalate esters in different media. Electroanalytical equipments are very economical and these newly developed methods can be adopted at domestic and industrial scale for continuous monitoring of these phthalates at trace levels in various polymeric products, plastic bottled waters, and cooler waters etc as for recommendations by WHO, EPA and other health / environmental organizations.