بیگم سلطانہ حیات
افسوس ہے کہ اردو کی ایک عاشق وفدائی اور اتر پردیش میں اردو تحریک کی قائد بیگم سلطانہ حیات صاحبہ ۷؍ جون کو رحلت فرماگئیں، وہ تقریباً نصف صدی تک اردو کے فروغ کے لیے سرگرم عمل رہیں، ۵۵ء میں انجمن ترقی اردو ہند نے اردو کو اتر پردیش میں علاقائی زبان تسلیم کرانے کے لیے دستخطی مہم چلائی جس کو کامیاب بنانے میں انھوں نے اور ان کے شوہر جناب حیات اﷲ انصاری نے غیر معمولی دلچسپی لی اور اتر پردیش کے مختلف علاقوں کا دورہ کیا، وہ اس وفد میں بھی شامل تھیں جو ۲۲ لاکھ دستخطوں کے ساتھ میمورنڈم لے کر اس وقت کے صدر جمہوریہ ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد کے پاس گیا تھا، انھوں نے ’’تعلیم گھر‘‘ کے نام سے ایک ادارہ بھی قائم کیا تھا، اس نے اترپردیش میں اردو کے کئی اسکول قائم کیے جن سے ہر سال سینکڑوں طلبہ فیضیاب ہوتے تھے، وہ طبعاً نیک، شریف اور درد مند خاتون تھیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اردو کی اس مجاہدہ اور خادمہ کی مغفرت فرمائے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جولائی ۱۹۹۴ء)
Islam and the West are two competitor civilizations of 21st century. West is much fear by the rapid expansion of Islam. It is imagined that very soon Islam is going to become a major religion of the Europe. Now European think tanks are constantly working to present a negative picture of Islam. Bernard Lewis is trying his best to prove that Islam is not a suitable civilization and religion for the world. As there are different classes of citizens within Islamic State and society and all the citizens are not equal in Islamic teachings and practice like women, slaves and Non-Muslims. Whereas, his presented theories are quite different than real teachings and practice of Islam. All the citizens of Islamic State are equal before law but there is difference of responsibilities according to their abilities. This article is presenting a critical and real discussion about the social inequalities blamed by Bernard Lewis, existing in Islamic state and society.
A series of field experiments were conducted at the research farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2009-10 and 2010-2011, to investigate the effects of different tillage practices and sowing methods on productivity of wheat and mungbean cropping system on silty clay loam soil. The factors consisted of tillage practices i.e. tine cultivator twice plowed (TC2), chisels plow followed by rotovator (CR), mouldboard plow followed by rotovator (MR) , disk plow followed by rotovator (DR) and tine cultivator followed by rotovator (TCR) in the main plots and sowing methods i.e. sowing with single box seed drill (SD), combined drill (CD) and broadcast (BC) in the sub plots. The performance of different tillage implements during seedbed preparation in term of soil depth of cut, wheel slippage, fuel consumption and effective field capacity were statistically significant. Maximum soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depth recorded with CR and MR tillage practices, while maximum soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, at 20 and 40 cm depth, fresh and dry weed biomass were obtained in plots tilled with tine cultivator twice (TC-2). However, minimum soil penetration resistance and fresh/ dry weed biomass were obtained in plots of CR and MR tillage practices, respectively. Higher soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depth was observed when sowing was done with seed drill and combined drill, respectively. Data regarding wheat crop indicated that higher number of tillers m -2 (403) and grain yield (4.6 t ha -1 ) were obtained in plots tilled with disk plow followed by rotavator. Similarly, maximum biological yield (10.4 t ha -1 ) was recorded in plots that were tilled with mouldboard plow followed by rotavator. Sowing by combined seed drill resulted in higher emergence, number of tillers, straw yield and biological yield. Similarly, higher number of grains spike -1 , spike length, grain yield and harvest indices were recorded when sowing was done with seed drill. Maximum total nitrogen in soil was noted in plots tilled with tine cultivator followed by rotavator. Similarly, sowing by seed drill and combine drill recorded greater total nitrogen in soil and wheat straw. The data relating to mungbean crop indicated that chisel plow followed by rotavator resulted in higher soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depths, higher emergence m -2 , plant height, pod length and total nitrogen in grains. Plots tilled with tine cultivator twice delayed flowering and maturity, increase in fresh and dry weed biomass, soil bulk density at 20 and 40 cm depth and soil penetration resistance at 20 and 40 cm depths. Number of branch plant -1 , pods plant -1 , biological yield, soil total nitrogen were higher in plots tilled with moldboard plow followed by rotavator. The maximum grain yield of mungbean and soil organic matter were recorded in plots tilled with tine cultivator followed by rotavator. Similarly, maximum harvest indices and total nitrogen in straw were recorded in plots tilled with disk plow followed by rotavator. Higher emergence, plant height, pod length, hundred grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest xxiindices, total soil nitrogen, and total nitrogen in mungbean grain and straw were recorded in plots sown with seed drill. Plots sown with broadcast method delayed flowering and maturity, increase fresh and dry weed biomass and greater soil bulk density at 20 and 40 cm depths. Number of branch plant -1 , pods plant -1 , soil organic matter and total nitrogen in soil were greater in plots that were sown with a combined seed drill. Economic analysis of wheat and mungbean showed that maximum net revenue of wheat was obtained with mouldboard plow followed by rotavator (MR) tillage practices and the highest net revenue of mungbean was found with tine cultivator followed by rotavator (TCR) while minimum net revenue were obtained with tine cultivator (TC-2). Similarly, sowing by seed drill (SD) and combine drill (CD) resulted in maximum net revenue as compared to broadcast (BC) sowing method. It is concluded from the studies that all tillage implements when followed by rotavator for seedbed preparation resulted better yield and net economic revenue from wheat and mungbean crops as compared to the sole used of tine cultivator plowed twice. Similarly sowing by seed drill and combined drill showed a higher grain yield and net revenue than broadcast methods.