طبی شعبہ میں ضرورت و حاجت سے متعلقہ فقہی قواعد کی معاصر تطبیقی صورتیں

Emergence of biomedical research and innovation with an unprecedented speed has created number of opportunities and challenges for policy makers. On the one hand, it is now possible to introduce tailor-made personal medication regime for an ailing patient to offer state of the art treatments. On the other hand, several ethical and legal issues have been raised due to the complex nature of emerging technologies.  Policy makers all over the world are constantly addressing these challenges by continuously upgrading their respective professional and regulatory frameworks. This article is an attempt to highlight Shariah maxims which have contemporary application in medical field. Lately, there has been a lot of interest in the debate of Shariah maxims and many scholars have used maxims-based analytical frameworks to show the dynamic application of Islamic law. This article builds upon those works by focusing on issues related to the medical field.

Impact of Fundamental Measures on Dividends: Evidence from Non-Financial Firms Listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange

This study examines the insight dynamics of factors affecting dividend payout in the context of Non-Financial firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) in KSE-100 Index. Through observation, 66 firms were identified from 18 sectors of Non-Financial firms that have been paying the regular dividend in the past 6 years (2009-2014). In this study, a complete business cycle has been encompassed for reader?s view. Key explanatory variables were identified on the basis of prior literature (Dividend Payout, Cash Flow on Total Assets, Debt to Equity, Profitability, and Liquidity) and one which has not been studied before and considered significant is Free Cash Flow to Capital Expenditure. For econometric analysis of the data, Multivariate Regression Analysis was considered as a most appropriate tool. Descriptive statistics of data under study described its normality. In empirical analysis, Housman and BPLM tests declared random effect exist in the panel data. Moreover, data was found free from contemporaneous correlation, multicollinearity issue, and autocorrelation but the issue of heteroscedasticity has been found. Results of the study revealed that free cash flow to capital expenditure, debt to equity, net profit margin and current ratio are significantly impacting the dividend payouts. However two measures are insignificant that are cash flow to total assets and absolute liquidity ratio. These results suggest that Managers of the listed firms in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) should aim to increase the meaningful cash flows to capital expenditure for the profitable projects that would yield high profits to firms, this will lead to high dividend and improve the investors? confidence.