The objective of the study was to examine the impact of devolution reform of 2001 on the health management
functions and to determine the change in managerial roles and responsibilities after the devolution reform.
Qualitative research methods, inclusive of review of published as well as the grey literature, archival analysis
and informant interviews were used for analysis. An internationally validated tool was used for data collection
and analysis.
Analysis of data showed that devolution reform of 2001 has changed the power holder scenario in the Health
sector all the way down from the National level to the District and Facility level, with an increased involvement
of District level after devolution. On the other side there is still a conflict among various power holders, about
who has the authority and has responsibility of certain managerial functions. This conflict is visible, in the
way respondents identified the level of authority and responsibility for each managerial function, and the level
of agreement (or disagreement) among the respondents for that function. After the devolution, lower level
managerial cadre has been upgraded with new district level management system, but it has increased the role-
conflict among various power-holders in health system. This role-conflict resulted in increased ambiguity and
a negative impact on the managerial functions of public health.
The main conclusion of the study is that health managers in Pakistan do not share same perceptions of how
responsibility and authority are distributed after the devolution. Managerial powers were not clearly allocated
even in past before decentralization, but post-devolution situation has further increased the role conflict in
the health system. Management roles in health sector have become more ambiguous after devolution, and the
impact of devolution in redistribution of management responsibility and authority has not been in a better
and desired direction. A model of managerial functions in post-devolved health systems is also suggested in
recommendations.
احمد میاں اختر جونا گڑھی ہندوستان اور پاکستان کی علمی دنیا کا یہ بڑا افسوس ناک سانحہ ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ مشہورصاحب علم و قلم قاضی احمد میاں اختر جونا گڑھی نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ اسلامی علوم کے ممتاز فاضل تھے، خصوصاً اسلامی تاریخ پر ان کی نظر نہایت وسیع تھی اور ان کا علمی و تحقیقی مذاق بہت بلند تھا، عربی، انگریزی اور اردو تینوں زبانوں میں یکساں دستگاہ حاصل تھی اور تینوں میں مضامین لکھتے تھے، ان کے مضامین ہندوستان و پاکستان کے تمام سنجیدہ علمی رسالوں میں نکلتے تھے، معارف کے پرانے مضمون نگارتھے، ان کے انگریزی مضامین کا ایک مجموعہ شیخ محمد اشرف تاجر کتب لاہور نے شائع کیا ہے، اقبال پر ان کی ایک کتاب حال ہی میں چھپی ہے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی ان کی ایک کتاب ابن صاعد اندلسی کی طبقات الامم کا ترجمہ عرصہ ہوا شائع ہوچکی ہے، اگر ان کے مضامین جمع کیئے جائیں تو کئی جلدوں میں آئیں گے۔ مرحوم ریاست جونا گڑھ کے جاگیردار تھے، وہاں کے انقلاب میں لٹ لٹاکر بڑی مصیبتوں سے کراچی پہنچے، کچھ دنوں تک انجمن ترقی اردو سے وابستہ رہے، اس کے بعد سندھ یونیورسٹی میں شعبہ اسلامیات کے صدر ہوگئے تھے، طبعاً نہایت شریف، متواضع اور خاکسار تھے، دارالمصنفین سے ان کا تعلق بڑا پرانا اور مخلصانہ تھا ابھی انھوں نے پاکستان میں دارالمصنفین کی کتابوں کے لئے لائسنس دلانے میں بڑی مدد کی تھی، اب اس زمانہ میں ایسے صاحب کمال کی جگہ کابھرنا مشکل ہے اﷲ تعالیٰ اس شیدائے علم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے، انتقال کے وقت ۶۰ سال سے اوپر کی عمر رہی ہوگی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۵۵ء)
Background: Nephrotoxicity of ibuprofen is a growing international public health problem in the wake of excessive use of the drug for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases in both adults and pediatric patients. Objectives: To present an overview of the protective effect of the green tea on ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys. Methods: It is an experimental study conducted in the department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi. The investigation was led on 30 male and non-pregnant female Sprague Dawley rodents of 9-11 weeks old enough and going in weight from 200-330 gm. The animals were divided into three groups consisting of 10 animals each; group A served as control, each animal in group B was given ibuprofen at a dose of 120 mg/kg/day and each animal in group C was given both green tea at a dose of 1ml/100g/day and Ibuprofen 120mg/kg body weight for a period of 9 weeks. Ibuprofen manufactured by Abbot Laboratories (Pvt.) Limited was utilized. Green tea was obtained from local market. Data was collected at the end of experimental period and was analyzed using SPSS version 22. One Way ANOVA was exerted, afterwards by post-hoc Tukey test to find out intergroup differences for quantitative variables. The results were depicted as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). A p value < 0.05 was believed significant. Results: Green tea administration had a significantly favorable effect on serum urea (mg/dl) (Group A=21.9 ± 2.8, Group B=93.2 ± 3.9, Group C=36.4± 3.0; p<0.001) and serum creatinine (mg/dl) (Group A=0.9 ± 0.22, Group B=2.4± 0.52, Group C=0.97 ± 0.3; p<0.001). Conclusions: Green tea had ameliorative effects on the ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys.
The aim of this thesis is to furnish some theoretical results in the field of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The research presented in the thesis is concerned with the mathematical modeling and development of analytical solutions for non-Newtonian fluids. Particularly, this thesis focuses on the boundary layer flows of Burgers and generalized Burgers fluids induced by the stretching surface. Thus the theme of thesis is twofold. First, the development of the boundary layer equations for steady two- and three-dimensional flows of Burgers and generalized Burgers fluids. Second, to give a better understanding of their behaviors, the development of the analytical results for them in diverse circumstances. The problems considered here involve, the forced convective heat transfer over linear stretching surfaces by assuming different situations like nanofluid, Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux models, homogeneous-heterogeneous and melting processes. The modeled PDEs are transformed into ODEs by utilizing suitable transformations which are then solved by employing HAM. In the limiting cases, our solutions are in excellent agreement with previously reported results in the literature. To assess and demonstrate the physical aspects of our results, some of the velocity, 17 temperature and concentration profiles are presented graphically for emerging parameters and discussed in detail. Moreover, the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented in tabular form for a set of values of the non-dimensional parameters. A profound observation is that the velocity and associated momentum boundary layer thickness diminish with augmented values of the materials parameter ?2 of Burgers fluid; however, quite the opposite is true in case of the material parameter ?4 of generalized Burgers fluids. In addition, it is noticed that temperature and concentration profiles enhance as the material parameter ?2 is incremented. It is further observed that the temperature and concentration distribution possess a reverse behavior for the material parameter ?4 when compared with ?2. Indeed this thesis leads us to suggest that the results owing from the Burgers and generalized Burgers models do provide a much improved understanding of their rheological characteristics.