فقہ اسلامی میں مقاصد شریعت کے مدارج

Al-Maqasid (the purposes) is a guide to Islam written by Imam Shatibi in his book "Al-Mowafaq'at". It covers purposes of Islamic faith, Zakat, pilgrimage etc. Maqasid al-Shari’ah is a system of values that could contribute to a desired and sound application of the Shari’ah. ” This concept has been employed as a legal hermeneutical tool in pre-modern Islamic law at least since 3 H. D. It is based on the idea that Islamic law is purposive in nature, that is, to mean that the law serves particular purposes (e. G, promoting people’s benefit and welfare and protecting them from harm) that are either explicitly present in or can be derived from the fountainheads of the sources of Islamic law, namely, the Quran & the Sunnah. Maqasid al-Sharia is also an umbrella term that includes many other concepts that have been closely linked to it in the premodern Islamic tradition, most notably the idea of public interests and unrestricted interests (al-Masalih al-Mursala), as well as other principles such as istihsan (juridical preference), istis’hab (presumption of continuity), and avoidance of mischief (all of which are considered to be directives in accordance with Allah’s will). Spiritual Principles include: the free right and duty to be aware of and to worship Allah and to search for ultimate truth and justice; the duty to respect the human person, known as the natural principle of personalism; the duty to respect the coherent order of all creation, i. E. Ecology and environment; and the duty to respect human community based on the sacredness of each of its members.

A Numerical Study of Flow Past Bluff Bodies in Tandem and Side-By-Side Arrangements Using the Lattice Boltzmann Methods

A Numerical Study of Flow Past Bluff Bodies in Tandem and Side-By-Side Arrangements Using the Lattice Boltzmann Methods Flow around bluff bodies is an area of interest for scientist from several years. A flow over bluff bodies is commonly seen in engineering, for example, wind over a group of tall buildings and fluid flow over heat exchanger tube arrays. A flow past bluff bodies in tandem and side-by-side arrangements are investigated numerically using lattice Boltzmann methods in this thesis. The numerical methods are validated for flow past a single square cylinder, and the numerical results show a good agreement with the available reference data. In the first problem of this thesis a numerical simulation is carried out for flow past a square cylinder with a detached flat plate using the lattice Boltzmann method for gap spacing (g) ranging from 0 to 11 and Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 75 to 200. Numerical results reveal that as gap spacing increases, there exist a critical gap spacing at g = 2 - 2.25, where the mean drag coefficient, Strouhal number, root-mean-square values of the drag and lift coefficients reach either maxima or minima. The shed vortices behind the detached flat plate and flow regimes are affected by gap spacing and Reynolds number. The observed results further indicates that the critical gap spacing and flow regimes are strongly dependent on g and Re. Flow control aims to reduce the wake dynamics and the fluctuating force. Second problem focuses on the effect of equal and unequal gap spacing and Reynolds number ranging from 75 to 175 on flow characteristics by identifying wake patterns, force statistics as well as wake oscillation frequencies. Different kinds of wake patterns are observed for the flow past three side-by-side square cylinders for equal and unequal gap spacing. It is found that the characteristics of the flow significantly depend on both the Reynolds number and gap spacing and the latter is much stronger than the former. In the third problem of this thesis, lattice Boltzmann simulations are carried out for flow past a row of rectangular cylinders at aspect ratios (AR) 0.5 and 2 for different gap spacings at Re = 150. The numerical results reveal that wake patterns are strongly dependent on g and Re. There exist secondary cylinder interaction frequencies along with primary vortex shedding frequency due to jet flow between the gaps. More interesting variation in fluid forces are observed for the case of AR = 2, as vortices generated on the surface of cylinder because the width of the cylinder is 2d. This study shows that lattice Boltzmann method is a good tool to capture the important features of flow past bluff bodies and suppression of fluid forces.