اسلام میں تبدیلی مذہب کا مطالعہ: ایک تنقیدی تجزیہ

Muslim scholars have produced various writings in which the process of conversion to Islam has been presented in the form of narratives. However, less consideration has been given to the understanding of nature of this process. Furthermore, the elements which originate and shape this process have also been ignored in the previous studies. After analyzing the sources concerning the study of conversion to Islam, the current article argues that the previous studies, especially by the Muslim scholars, were mostly written for Daʻwah purposes. They did not encourage the analytical dimension of the conversion studies. For a grasp of the complex elements and the strategies underlying this process, the Western scholars divide religious conversion into its diverse types while providing different motifs. However, a critical analysis of their works points out that some of these types and motifs are not applicable to Islam. The current article points out the elements helpful in explaining the process of conversion to Islam keeping in line with the Holy Qur’ān and Sunnah. Moreover, this paper also purports that the study of Ḥadīth, spiritual experiences of converts, and the opinions of the scholars supports the concept of fiṭrah to be used as a framework for a thorough understanding of this process.

On an Inequality of G. H. Hardy

Mathematical inequalities play very important role in development of all branches of mathematics. A huge effort has been made to discover the new types of inequalities and the basic work published in 1934 by Hardy, Littlewood and P ́olya [36]. Later on Beckenbach and Bellman in 1961 in their book “Inequalities”[13], and the book “Analytic inequalities”by Mitronovi ́c [53] published in 1970 made considerable con- tribution in this field. The mathematical inequalities are useful because these are used as major tool in the development of modern analysis. A wide range of prob- lems in various branches of mathematics are studied by well known Jensen, Hilbert, Hadamard, Hardy, Poin ́care, Opial, Sobolev, Levin and Lyapunov inequalities. In 1992, J. Peˇcari ́c, F. Proschan and Y. L. Tong play their vital role in this field and they published famous book “Convex Functions, Partial Orderings and Statistical Application”which is considered as a brightening star in this field. On the other hand, the applications of fractional calculus in mathematical in- equalities have great importance. Hardy-type inequalities are very famous and play fundamental role in mathematical inequalities. Many mathematicians gave general- izations, improvements and application in the development of the Hardy’s inequalities and they use fractional integrals and fractional derivatives to establish new integral inequalities. Further details concerning the rich history of the integral inequalities can be found in [58]–[64], [73]–[75] and the references given therein. ˇ zmeˇsija, Kruli ́c, Peˇcari ́c and Persson establish some new refined Hardy-type Ciˇ inequalities with kernels in their recent papers [4], [25], [28], [29], [34], [52] (also see viiviii [15]– [23]). Inequalities lies in the heart of the mathematical analysis and numerous mathematicians are attracted by these famous Hardy-type inequalities and discover new inequalities with kernels and applications of different fractional integrals and fractional derivatives, (see [25], [28], [38], [50], [52], [65]). In this Ph.D thesis an integral operator with general non-negative kernel on mea- sure spaces with positive σ-finite measure is considered. Our aim is to give the inequality of G. H. Hardy and its improvements for Riemann-Liouville fractional in- tegrals, Canavati-type fractional derivative, Caputo fractional derivative, fractional integral of a function with respect to an increasing function, Hadamard-type frac- tional integrals and Erd ́elyi-Kober fractional integrals with respect to the convex and superquadratic functions. We will use different weights in this construction to obtain new inequalities of G. H. Hardy. Such type of results are widely discussed in [38](see also [28]). Also, we generalize and refine some inequalities of classical Hardy-Hilbert- type, classical Hardy-Littlewood-P ́olya-type and Godunova-type inequalities [55] for monotone convex function. The first chapter contains the basic concepts and notions from theory of convex functions and superquadratic functions. Some useful lemmas related to fractional integrals and fractional derivatives are given which we frequently use in next chapters to prove our results. In the second chapter, we state, prove and discuss new general inequality for convex and increasing functions. Continuing the extension of our general result, we obtain new results involving different fractional integrals and fractional derivatives. We give improvements of an inequality of G. H. Hardy for convex and superquadratic functions as well. In the third chapter, we give the new class of the G. H. Hardy-type integral inequal- ities with applications. We provide some generalized G. H. Hardy-type inequalities for fractional integrals and fractional derivatives. In fourth chapter, we present generalized Hardy’s and related inequalities involving monotone convex function. We generalize and refine some inequalities of classicalix P ́olya-Knopp’s, Hardy-Hilbert, classical Hardy-Littlewood-P ́olya, Hardy-Hilber-type and Godunova’s. We also give some new fractional inequalities as refinements. In the fifth chapter, we establish a generalization of the inequality introduced by D. S. Mitrinovi ́c and J. Peˇcari ́c in 1988. We prove mean value theorems of Cauchy type and discuss the exponential convexity, logarithmic convexity and monotonicity of the means. Also, we produce the n-exponential convexity of the linear functionals obtained by taking the non-negative difference of Hardy-type inequalities. At the end, some related examples are given.