سپین اور ہندوستان میں مسلمانوں کے سیاسی زوال کے مشترک اسباب اور اسلامی تعلیمات

The Muslims ruled over Spain and India for many years. They left over behind themselves many signs of art, architecture, culture and the customs of life. The Muslims both in regions set a remarkable art of living which can still be visualized. It reflects a picture of their high potential and advancement but due to some reasonable causes their journey upwards stopped and the other powers dominated them. In this article the various causes of political decline have been analyzed in Islamic perspective.

Effect of Allelopathic Plants on Morphoanatomical Features of Wheat

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of allelopathic plant on growth and morpho-anatomical features of wheat. Three experiments were conducted in order to study the allelopathic effects of root, stem, leaf and fruit of Dodonea viscosa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Fumaria indica, Juglans regia, Melia azedarach, Olea ferruginea,Sapindus mukorossi, Tamarix indica and Taraxacum officinale on growth and morpho-anatomical features of Wheat variety Pirsabaq 2005 during 2013-2016 at experimental field and laboratory, Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra. The present investigation showed that all the applied allelopathic plants parts have adverse effect on germination, morphological and anatomical parameters of wheat. Results of germination revealed that leaf aqueous extracts > Fruits> Root > Shoot. The degree of sensitivity of wheat in respect of growth to applied applications was Melia azedarach > Sapindus mukorossi > Taraxacum officinale > Juglans regia > Fumaria indica > Eucalyptus camaldulensis > Olea ferruginea > Tamarix indica > Dodonea viscosa. Root, stem, leaf of Olea ferruginea increased the diameter of xylem, phloem, and mesophyll tissue of root, stem and leaf of wheat which directly effect the physio-morphology of wheat. Fumaria indica has stimulatory effect on radical and plumule length, it also increases morpho-agronomic characters and anatomical character of wheat. Fruit of Melia azedarach is least effect of on germination and morpho–agronomic and anatomical character of wheat. The fruit of Sapindus mukorossi is highly harmful for germination, morphology, agronomy,and anatomical features of wheat and partially block the xylem and phloem as result it retard germination, morphology,agronomy of wheat. Dodonea viscosa is less toxic as compare to Tamarix indica and Juglan regia and Eucalyptus camadulensis for wheat growth and anatomical parameters. It is concluded that stem of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is highly toxic for all the morpho-agronomic characters of wheat i-e length of internode,length of spike, grain yield. Soil analysis shows that all allelopathic plants decrease the nitrogen in soil while phosphorus is deficient in Tamarix indica leaf and Melia azedarch treatments. Similarly potassium value increase in all treatments as compare to control. Maximum electric conductivity was observed in Eucalyptus camadulesis stem. pH values do not show significant difference in all treatments. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Sapindus mukorossi,Tamarix indica, Juglans regia decrease the germination, growth and yield of wheat. Olea ferruginea and Fumaria indica show stimulatory effect on germination and other morpho-anatomical features of wheat. This study would be helful to understand the nature of allelopathic plants either they have allopathic effect or allelopathic potentials for different crops. Some allelopathic plants would be benficial and harmful for the growth of different crops due to allelochemicals. Biofertilizers and bioherbicides can be prepared from the allopathic plants for crop improvement.