In present scenario, customers are well aware about the price and feature of all the substitute of a product.
They have more awareness, more accessibility to the various brands in market. Generic competition among the
products has made the competition tougher.
The aim of this work is to understand the effect of optimum brand promotional activities to improve brand
equity. Students enrolled in university in faculty of management sciences were considered as target population.
Respondents were selected on the basis of non-probability convenience based sampling technique. A survey
questionnaire was conducted. The number of respondents was 273 which were included in the study.
Reliability test, descriptive analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis used for data interpretation. SPSS
20 version software was used for data analysis.
It is concluded from the study that celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion have significant
effect on brand image, brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty and perceived quality. Brand image
has significant positive effect on brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty. It is
further evident that brand image has partial mediating effect on brand awareness, brand association and brand
loyalty through advertisement, celebrity endorsement and sales promotions. Brand image has mediating effect
on perceived quality through celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion.
The results of this study will help out the brand managers and marketing managers in beverage industry for
designing and launching the promotional mix. The study has been conducted in only one metropolitan city of
Pakistan. Respondents may be different in different cities due to their change in life style and preferences.
Future researchers can conduct the same study in different cities or at national level.
خواجہ غلام السیدین افسوس ہے کہ خواجہ غلام السیدین بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کی موت علمی دنیا کا اندوہناک حادثہ ہے، وہ علی گڑھ کی بہترین پیداوار اور اس کا مثالی نمونہ تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان میں علم و فضل، فکر و نظر، تقریر و تحریر، تالیف و تصنیف بہت سے کمالات جمع کردیئے تھے، اردو اور انگریزی دونوں زبانوں میں ان کو بڑی قدرت تھی، تعلیم کے ماہر خصوصی تھے، ان کے خیالات میں گہرائی کے ساتھ بڑا اعتدال و توازن تھا اور وہ مغربی تعلیم اور مشرقی تہذیب کا سنگم تھے، وہ نئے دور کی پیداوار تھے اور جدید علوم و افکار میں مہارت کے ساتھ راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان بھی تھے، ان کے دل میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا درد تھا، اگرچہ بعض مسائل میں وہ جدید خیالات سے متاثر تھے، لیکن اسلام کی ترجمانی کا پورا حق ادا کرتے تھے، انھوں نے قلم و زبان دونوں سے مذہب و ملت کی خدمت انجام دی، ان کو ہندوستان اور اس کے باہر بڑے بڑے علمی اعزاز حاصل ہوئے اور مختلف علمی، تعلیمی، مذہبی اور ادبی موضوعات پر انگریزی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں میں تصنیفی یادگار چھوڑیں، ان کی تصانیف بڑی فکر انگیز ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت اور دنیا کی طرح آخرت کی سربلندی سے بھی سرفراز فرمائے، یوں تو آئے دن موتیں ہوتی رہتی ہیں، مگر جب کوئی معاصر اور ہم عمر اٹھتا ہے تو اپنا وقت بھی قریب نظر آتا ہے۔ بہت آگے گئے باقی جو ہیں تیار بیٹھے ہیں (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)
Over the last 70 years, Food processors and the plant protection sector have both benefited from Bacillus subtilis. Their capacity to manufacture endospores for survival, as well as a multitude of antimicrobial substances has piqued industrial interest in areas such as food preservation, medicinal agents, and biopesticides. In light of the growing trend of food healing and the protection of bacterial plants, this review suggests a holistic approach to visualizing the antimicrobial screen described in Group B. This review aims to make easy and updated classification of antimicrobial metabolites in group B. Subtilis, its complex phylogeny that tends to perpetuate development.
Violent conflicts have perpetual and perennial impacts on societies. Ethnic and national Identities of the people are no exception to this. This research study reflects on the impacts of conflict and violence on ethnic and national identities. The scarce literature linking conflict and identities (ethnic and national) argues that conflict and violence „soften‟ or „harden‟ these identities. Moreover, the bulging literature on post 2001 conflict in Pukhtun region of Pakistan does not primarily focus on the impacts of this conflict on Pukhtun ethnic and national identities. Using constructivist theoretical position and the case study of Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, this study addresses two research questions: what are the implications of conflict and violence in Swat for Pukhtun ethnic identity? And what are the consequences of the ongoing conflict for Pakistani national identity? Theoretically the study refutes the arguments in the literature that identity softens or hardens and argues that the impacts of conflict and violence on ethnic and national identities are complex and multi-dimensional. Methodologically, the study is based on an ethnographic field work comprising in-depth semi structured interviews, focus group discussions, ethnographic observations and field notes arranged from November 2016 to May 2017 in different administrative tehsils of Swat. This study proposes that during the conflict, performing aspects of ethnic identity i.e. cultural code (Pukhtunwali) was affected and transformed in multiple ways resulting in a perception that „ideal Pukhtunwali is dead.‟ Consequently, claims to ethnic identity contextually shift to ascribed aspects of Pukhtun identity i.e. language, land, tribal affiliations, and „birth in a Pukhtun home.‟ Likewise, the conflict adds to the complexity of Pukhtun ethnic identity by sharpening and straining intra-ethnic relations among the Pukhtuns. These diverse and multiple impacts can also be witnessed on different aspects of Pakistani national identity where it is neither lost nor reaffirmed. In this context, the study posits that there is a contest on the assumed unifying nature of Islam as a marker of Pakistani identity. Through the discourse of „pride and sacrifice‟, Pukhtuns own the nation state of Pakistan, yet on the other hand are critical of the state for not acknowledging and compensating the sacrifices of Pukhtuns in Swat. Similarly, Pakistani military is considered as an institution which significantly represents Pakistani national identity by Pukhtuns in Swat. The military‟s persuasive presence in Swat is in question. Celebrating national days like 23rd of March and 14th of August is another significant aspect of Pakistani national identity. Such impacts have significant repercussions for the state of Pakistan.