ڈاکٹر سیسل لیسٹر (Lyster)
انگلستان کے ڈاکٹر سیسل لیسٹر (Lyster) اکسریزر کے اثر سے مرض سرطان میں مبتلا ہوکر وفات پاگئے، رسالہ سائنس سنفنگر لکھتا ہے کہ ان کی وفات ڈاکٹر بل کی اس رائے کی ایک تازہ شہادت بہم پہنچاتی ہے کہ اکسریزر جو اب تک اس مرض کا علاج سمجھا جاتا ہے وہ بجائے اس مرض کو دور کرنے کے اور اس کی تخلیق کا سبب بنتا ہے۔ (اپریل ۱۹۲۰ء)
In every age, the state has been a better form of the congregation and an integral part of societies. There has never been a state in human history that has introduced so many social reforms in a short period of time as Madina State did in a short period of time. That is why the state of Madina will remain a role model for all states established until the Day of Judgment. History testifies that as long as Islamic states followed this role model, their contemporary states continued to envy on their social, economic and military position. But unfortunately, the decline of the Muslim Ummah reached the peak by the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the representative state of the Muslims, in the early twentieth century. But before the half-century was over, the Islamic world began to gain independence from colonial powers. By the end of the twentieth century, more than fifty Muslim countries appeared on the geography of the modern world, but their flags were the spokesmen for colors, ethnicity, language, and region except for Pakistan. Political freedom from ideological and intellectual freedom could not be transformed by the Islamic nation’s imperialist powers Rather, the political leadership continued to work on the agenda of the West, causing many social and economic problems for the present Islamic States. The prevailing conditions of the present Islamic countries require that their rulers should re-establish their policies by making Madina state as their role model. The following article presents a golden outline of the welfare state, which will help to make the current Islamic state a welfare state.
India’s Partition was an event of momentous significance for the three major communities, the Hindus, Muslims and the Sikhs who were at the time residing in the subcontinent. It was an equally important phenomenon for the British who were to withdraw their rule and thereby signify an imperial retreat from India. Independence was announced on the 15th of August 1947 after which the two sovereign States of India and Pakistan emerged on the map of the world. The Muslims of the subcontinent had gained a separate homeland and the struggle for freedom by the Indians in general had reached fruition. Partition as a landmark and a milestone was achieved. The manner it actually came about and the numerous stages that its making and implementation went through, is mainly the subject of this study. Lord Mountbatten’s role in the capacity of the last Viceroy of United India gets the major part of attention as he was not only the Crown representative in India, but also the man on the ground taking major decisions. His relationship with other political leaders and his handling of the situation was crucial in the communally tense and volatile Indian situation. The planning for partition and more so its implementation required a meticulous and impartial approach. It was a highly sensitive matter where communities were turning into nationalities and an imperial power was foregoing its control of almost a century. The decisions regarding schedules and time frame, division of assets, handling of Princely States, the issue of Governor-Generalship and choice of personalities to manage the various departments had to be taken carefully. It was a British responsibility, India still being a subject state. The task, however, was not delivered in the spirit of an unbiased arbitral approach with much left to be desired. The result was a hasty and flawed partition and its repercussions so strong that they still hang visibly on the region’s horizon, determining and defining the nature and character of the relationship between the two major of States of South Asia, India and Pakistan.