بے خبر تھا آگہی کا ہر دریچہ مجھ پہ وا تم نے کیا
میں اندھیرے میں کھڑا تھا روشنی سے آشنا تم نے کیا
ہر صدائے نرم و شیریں دب گئی تھی اک خروشِ جبر میں
چیختے چنگھاڑتے اِس ظلم کو پھربے صدا تم نے کیا
آنکھ تھی پر سب مناظر، سب مظاہر اُس کی قدرت میں نہ تھے
نوعِ انساں کی نظر کو پُر بصیرت ،پُرضیا تم نے کیا
خانۂ دل پر تسلط تھا جہالت کی اندھیری رات کا
آفتاب ِ معرفت سے پھر اُجالا صبح کا تم نے کیا
ہر بشر کی ہر نوا میں ، ہر نفس میں بھر گئی تھی آگ سی
جلتے صحرا کی ہوائے آتشیں کو پھر صبا تم نے کیا
اے مرے قرآنِ ناطقؐ! حرف سارے ہو گئے تھے بے ثمر
پھر بیاں کی خشک اور بے جان کھیتی کو ہرا تم نے کیا
Ibn e Khaldun (1406 C.E.) has been an imminent scholar and well known for his work in the study of civilization. His vision regarding Civilization holds the significant place according to the philosophers of history. Arnold J. Toynbee (1975 C.E.) is one such prominent thinker who not only applauded the thoughts of Ibn e Khaldun but was influenced by Ibn e Khaldun’s views as it can be seen in Toynbee’s book: “A Study of History”. As a philosopher of history, he has much contribution in the field; He interlinks History with civilization. He presented a thoughtful book surrounding his civilizational vision; which explains the causes of world’s ups and downs. Although he presented a quality research about the division of the civilizations in the light of religion, many aspects of his work need to be reassessed. As per his understanding of world civilizations, he represents twenty-one civilizations, but with the passage of time, the number reduces and now only five are left in the contemporary epoch. According to him, religion has played significant role in the rise and fall of civilizations through their various stages. This research will highlight his thought about Islam through a comparison between Toynbee and Ibn e Khaldun’s Islamic civilizational thoughts. The study will also mention several problems in his approach to the Islamic Civilization. Furthermore, along with due importance of both scholars in the subject of history, their authoritative status will be stated. This research aims to discuss some misconceptions of the West that are based on Toynbee's understating of Islamic civilization and history. And, consequently, it intends to improve relations between people of the west and east.
We introduce a new three-parameter Modified Burr III G family of distributions. The proposed family is an extended and generalized family, of which some existing and new submodels are its limiting cases. The flexibility of the proposed family is fairly evident in the various shapes its density function accommodates. It can be symmetrical, left-skewed, right-skewed, bathtub, J or reversed-J. Its hazard rate can be increasing or decreasing, bathtub, upside-down bathtub, J and reversed-J, making it a suitable candidate for model fitting in biomedical, engineering, lifetime and survival studies. We have derived some of its structural properties and estimated its parameters using Maximum Likelihood Method. Taking Burr Type XII as a parent distribution we have studied its mathematical properties. A simulation study highlights the performance of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates. Two applications from life testing datasets elaborates its usefulness in model fitting.