Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian

A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian

Thesis Info

Author

Gul Hasan

Department

Department of Russian

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Subject

Russian Language

Language

Russian

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728809687

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian Translation of scientific and technical text is a multidimensional and multifaceted process determined by the System and norm of the two languages involved. It is not only dependent on the two cultures and the communicative situations, but also directly dependent on the referential situation and the functional parameters, of the source / target text. The process of translation is not only a speech act, but also an act of cross-cultural communication and this fact is borne out by the interdisciplinary status of translation studies and its close link with contrastive and text-linguistics; socio and psycholinguistics and semiotics. The 21st century witnessed the emergence of scientific and technical translation as an independent field of study on the international level. The Intercultural and Intercontinental communications made it mandatory for human beings to understand scientific, technical and environmental issues in the world, and to leave their cocoons behind. It only served to underscore the significance that translation studies was to hold in the times to come. There is hardly a Translator or an Interpreter today who has not to deal with translation of scientific and technical materials. Translation of technical text puts a premium on the translator's knowledge of the subject-matter of Source Text. He must take great pains to get familiar with the system of terms in the appropriate field and make good use of technical dictionaries and other books of reference. When new words come into being to denote news object or phenomena, they naturally cannot have regular equivalents in another language. Such equivalents may only gradually evolve as the result of extensive contacts between the two nations. Therefore the translator coming across a new coinage has to interpret its meaning and to choose the appropriate way of rendering it in his translation. It has been observed that many phenomenon, words and terminologies of Urdu language have no regular equivalents, and a number of techniques has been suggested for transformation of such units of translation in Russian. New words are coined in the language to give names to new objects, or phenomena which become known to the people. Thus, research has been conducted in the background of the ever changing in scientific and technological scenario. The fast-track changes and rapid breakthrough in almost all fields in science and technology has made it mandatory for technical and scientific texts to translate into languages, other than the one in which the study or work has been conducted. Selecting this area to work in, the researcher has tried to focus on the problems encountered during the translation of technical and scientific texts from Urdu into Russian. The researcher is seemed mindful of the magnitude of the task, and has therefore delimited the study to focusing on the lexico-semantic peculiarities of translation of scientific and technical text from Urdu into Russian. Russian and Urdu are difficult languages to learn/teach, yet the geographical proximity has made it important for learners and teachers to recognize and identify the issues involved in translating the text. The major problems, in rendering Urdu scientific/technical texts into Russian, lie in the domain of lexico-semantics. Thus, the researcher has made a comparison of the two languages. But in keeping with the nature of the study, has focused only on the major differences — the foremost being the fact that Urdu lexicon suffers from a dearth of scientific and technical terminology. These and other points have been discussed in detail in this study. The parameters of the research demand a theoretical framework, and this has been discussed in the preliminary chapters — 1 & 2. Chapter 3 comprises general scientific and technical lexicon; word- building; structure and features of translation of terminological units and ways of translating multi- component terms etc. Chapter 4 deals with the fundamentals of translation, focusing on the contrastive analysis of translation material. The concluding chapter gives the findings and recommends that the study be used to further explore and exploit the Russian market, in order to give a boost to our economy. This study discusses translation studies, from a variety of perspectives and not merely the pedagogical aspects. The nature of the research combined with the significance of the language in the global scenario, makes this study the first of its kind, and the researcher, without idle boasting, is hopeful that he has begun to set a new trend in Pakistan. Hopefully, this study would be utilized to its utmost and in the spirit in which it has been conducted.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

غزل

کل کے سکھ تو گروی رکھے, پچھلے بوجھ اتارے

اندر اندر سلگوں لیکن نکلوں زلف سنوارے

 

جانتی ہوں میں تیز ہوا ہے راہ میں رستہ روکے

کون  ہے ,خوشبو کے لہجے میں جا کر اسے پکارے

 

ایسے لگتا ہے میں خود ہی اس پہ جھولنا چاہوں

مجھ کو درد کی سولی سے اب آکے کون اتارے

 

اسی لیے تو نیند کی دیوی سے میں چھپنا چاہوں

روز مری آنکھوں سے کوئی آگ سے خواب گزارے

 

دیکھ دیکھ کے ان کو حوصلہ ملتا تو ہے مجھ کو

میری طرح سے جاگتے ہیں یہ شب بھر چاند ستارے

 

ایک اداسی کے دھاگے میں خود ہی بندھتی جاؤں

میری سوچوں پر یہ کون ہے خوف کے چھینٹے مارے

 

درد کے پیکر میں ڈھل جاتے ہیں معلوم نہیں

میری غزلیں, میری نظمیں, میرے

ابتكارات العلامة الزمخشري في علم المعاني خلال أسلوب السؤال والجواب في تفسيره الكشاف

Semantic (علم المعاني) is the most interesting branch of Rhetoric. Al-Zamakhsharī has discussed its categories in his introduction to “Al- Kashshᾱf”. He has elaborated the terminology of Semantics but he did not arrange it separately in chapters and did not apply this division in Al- Kashshᾱf as well. The Great Scholar of Rhetoric Al-Sakkᾱkī has categorized semantics in the form of three terminologies: the Knowledge of Semantic, (علم المعاني) the Knowledge of Eloquence, (علم البيان) the figures of speech (علم البديع). Al-Zamakhsharī was very influenced by The Great Scholar and Literary Theorist Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī since he implemented whatever Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī pointed out in his book “Arguments of Miracles” and “Mysteries of Rhetoric” whilst analyzing Qur’ᾱnic Verses in his exegesis “Al-Kashshᾱf” on Rhetorical basis, though he mentioned in his exegesis all foremost and supreme aspects of Rhetoric which were not referred to by any former scholars. In this article I have widely discussed the unique and distinguished rhetorical topics, highlighted by Al-Zamakhsharī in his exegesis Al-Kashshᾱf, for instance; he semantically analyzed letters and verbs in the Holy Qur’ᾱn, particularly propositional and non-propositional verbs. At the end of this article I tried my best to conclude the topic with better sequences. 

Pathophysiology of Retina in Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus: Conventional Diagnostic Parameters Versus Emerging Roles of Growth Factors and Cytokines

Until today, type-II diabetes mellitus remains one of the most devastating metabolic disorder affecting millions of people around the world. It is expected that the number of diabetic patients world rise to 70 million by 2030. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the three very significant microvascular complications of progressing diabetes that leads ultimately to blindness. Sustained hyperglycemia causes generation of advanced glycation end products thereby forming reactive oxygen species. The resulting stress causes retina to become hypoxic and anemic. As a result, traumatized retinal tissue induces a number of cytokines and growth factors to promote neovascularization in order to supply oxygen to the failing retina. Tortuous growth of blood vessels however impairs the vision, and at times hemorrhagic retina is the complication that appears due to rupturing of fragile vessels. On fundoscopy, retinal artery microaneurysms, dilated veins, hard exudates, edematous retina exhibit in non-proliferative retinopathy. Further worsening and advancement of retinopathic damage leads to proliferative retinopathy characterized by appearance of cotton wool spots, hard exudates and marked neovascularization. Factors like obesity, hypertension, and elevated random and fasting plasma sugar, raised cholesterol level, hyperlipidmia, and serum creatinine contributing to diabetes are very well known risk factors. Situation in Pakistan is no different from the rest of the world. According to relatively recent estimates the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 4-5 million. The current study was designed to determine the specific parameters, viz. serum and vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leptin in diabetic retinopathic patients. Serum levels were also compared with diabetic but non- retinopathic patients and normal healthy subjects. Determination of all major conventional risk factors and complete fundus examination were also carried out to correlate changes in these parameters with the specific parameters. Over 2000 male and female patients of median age of 50 years ranging between 37-65 years were screened in the outpatients departments of four main hospitals, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex and Lady Reading Hospital, located in Peshawar city and Al-Shifa Eye Trust Hospital located in Rawalpindi city. Patients with confirmed type-II diabetes mellitus (338) were selected, and patients with complications otherwise were excluded. The duration of the disease and retinopathy was 5-20 years. Normal healthy subjects (39; age range: 35-61; median age 53) were also included in the study to get comparisons with the diseased patients. Standard methods were followed to determine the body mass index (BMI), fasting (FBSS) and post prandial plasma glucose (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), serum creatinine, urine creatInine and urinary protein. Commercial kits were used to determine the serum parameters and IL-6, leptin and VEGF concentrations. For obvious reasons, vitreous concentrations of IL-6, leptin and VEGF could not be determined in normal subjects and DNR patients. Data were analyzed statistically to determine correlations between predicator variables with those of specific variables, and differences between males and females were done by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Combined analysis was also done to get population estimates. The results demonstrated significantly higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of serum IL- 6 (70%), leptin (64%) and VEGF (55%) in DNR, NPDR and PDR patients. Vitreous IL-6, leptin and VEGF concentrations were alarmingly increased (100%, 93% and 100% respectively P < 0.001) in NPDR and PDR patients. For conventional parameters significantly (P < 0.001) elevated BMI, RBS, FBS, HbA1c, TG, LDL, serum and urine creatinine and urinary protein concentrations were found in DR, NPDR and PDR patients. Values of these parameters were remarkably low (P < 0.001) in normal subjects. All parameters were affected linearly with the severity of the disease. Accordingly highest levels were found in PDR patients. Serum cholesterol concentrations were well in the range. HDL concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in DNR patients, NPDR and PDR patients; but group comparisons showed slightly greater levels of HDL in NPDR and PDR patients than the DNR patients. TC/HDL ratio and LDL/HDL ratio were also increased in NPDR and PDR patients. Separate male and female comparisons did not show any significant differences with combined male and female analysis demonstrating that the disease prevalence is irrespective of gender; however a small female predisposition is evident from the data. Most importantly, since all of the above patients were being treated with oral hypoglycemic and several PDR patients had already underwent laser photocoagulation, elevated concentrations of specific and conventional parameters raise questions about the therapy. Of 338 diabetic patients following were the frequencies of non-retinopathy and retinopathy: DNR (11 %), NPDR (31.95 %) and PDR (56.80 %). Gender-wise, 38 % (129) were males consisting of 12% DNR patients, 36% NPDR patients, and 52% PDR patients. Of 209 female patients, 11% were DNR patients, 29 % were NPDR patients, and 60% were PDR patients. The study points out that IL-6, leptin and VEGF can be significant diagnostic factors in clinical settings to predict the probability of retinopathy. They also demonstrated correlations, positive or negative, with some conventional parameters. Alarmingly elevated levels of these factors indicate them to be independent risk factors. Although most conventional parameters can be controlled via intensive treatment but the chain of events that hyperglycemia induces for the first time initiates the vicious cycle of biochemical changes that cannot be controlled with routine therapies and ultimately lead to failure of retina culminating in certain cases into complete blindness. Associated outcomes were obesity, dyslipidemia and microalbiminuria. The study suggests that ophthalmologists and diabetologists working in the clinical set ups should emphasize on the determination of serum IL-6, VEGF and leptin levels in patients presenting with diabetes and retinal problems to reach an early diagnosis about the severity of the disease and future affliction with retinopathy. This may help for an earlier decision to proceed for invasive therapies like the application of antibodies injections against VEGF and IL-6. Currently, for unknown reasons the role of leptin could not be ascertained. Further detailed studies from around different geographic regions of Pakistan and analyses of even newer retinopathy promoting and inhibiting factors are definitely required to get a more comprehensive data from this region of the world.