The time period form 17th century to 19th century, in Urdu prose, is called the era of 'Dastan'. Though some attempts or endeavor can also be seen in Dastan writing after this time period. Because of a leading kind of its time period, Dastan is of prime importance. In this thesis, under consideration research carried out about a very important part of Dastan. The investigatory and the critical analysis of the main characters of the Dastan not only drag this kind of speech from darkness of past but also helps to highlight the standard of characterization of that era. All those Dastans are included in this thesis which are published, having unity of plot and revolve around central character. Collection of proverbs is included in this selection. All those Dastans are avoided to include in which most of the material was borrowed from other Dastans or which revolves around the same topic. In this thesis, standard of characterization in Dastans, capabilities of characterization and how was it differ from the characterization of modern was discussed. Character of Dastan is also examined according to social and moral standardization of modern era. The thesis has been divided in to four parts. Part one deals with the central theme of 'Dastan'. Part two deals with the main characters of the prominent Dastan published pre Fort William College period. Part three consists of critical analysis of important characters of the stories published under the patronage of Fort William College, while part four comprises critical analysis and evaluation of the central characters of important Dastans published during the same period but not under the patronage of the college. The objective of the thesis is to highlight the fundamental characters of the Dastan, portray their importance and judge the standard of characterization. It is also our objective to enable the modern reader establish, by himself, a link between the ancient and modern literature. Epilogue is captioned "collective evaluation". In epilogue the central characters of the Dastans, included in the thesis, have been discussed briefly.
Modern day man has excelled in science to such an extent that revolutionary changes have been made in every walk of life. Those things which were impossible yesterday, are a reality today. One cannot deny the modern research and discoveries. Organ transplantation now a days is an important matter. The importance of this treatment is increase day by day, because this matter is related to the protection of ethical values on one hand. It seems that the use of Human organs and components is against the ethical value. On the other hand of some patients, organ translation is the only method of treatment and Shariah has allowed to fulfill human needs. In order to solve this problem two different view point will be sought to determine that whether this treatment is against the Quran and Sunnah or not.
Water resources development and management acquired new dimensions in Pakistan. Recently, the Government of Pakistan has taken strategic initiatives and primarily focused on governance, decentralization and participation of the farmers by transforming the Provincial Irrigation Department (PID) to the Frontier Irrigation and Drainage Authority (FIDA). Management responsibilities are decentralized at canal command level to Area Water Boards (AWBs) and most of the existing functions at distributary level are performed by the farmer’s organizations (FOs). Recently six distributaries have been handed over to the farmer organizations under the irrigation management transfer (IMT) programme in Swat Canal Area Water Board (SCAWB). The study was conducted to analyse the operational performance using hydraulic simulation modeling. To assess the impact of IMT on the performance of the irrigation system a database oriented irrigation management information system (IMIS) technique has been developed and utilized. The Simulation of Irrigation Canal (SIC) hydrodynamic model was used to analyse the improved operational scenarios for the irrigation systems operation at distributary level, to provide the system managers and farmers organizations to update the managerial control and plan operational activities through improved understanding of the system. Results of the study revealed that irrigation supplies are in excess of the crop water requirements. The relative water supply (RWS) index varies from 1.66 to 2.02 during summer, whereas in winter it varies from 2.22 to 2.55. The delivery performance ratio (DPR) during summer varies from 0.78 to 0.83 and in winter from 0.63 to 0.73. Irrigation supplies were reliable over the whole growing season. Due to modernization of the irrigation systems and enhanced water allowance, the annual cropping intensity and yield have increased significantly. There is a prominent increase in yield of maize (40 percent), sugarcane (55 percent) and wheat (43 percent) while the cropping intensity has increased by 25 percent. iv The Irrigation service fee (ISF) collection analysis indicated that all the FOs performed well during the first year (2004-05) of IMT and recovered 60 percent of the assessed ISF; whereas during the 2005-06 and 2006-07, ISF collected was very low. From these results it is evident that chances of successful cost recovery do not seem to be high. Operational and regulation aspects of the main system also play a pivotal role in overall irrigation water management aspects. The SIC model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of physical infrastructures of the Chowki Distributary. Open flume outlets along the distributary behave as hyper-proportional irrespective of their position. The head bifurcator outlets are behaving hyper-proportional, whereas middle ones as perfect proportional and tail end as sub-proportional. The trifurcator outlets are behaving as hyper-proportional. The major causes are construction inaccuracies in setting the crest level, which lead the outlets to draw more or less than the design discharge. To improve the manual operation of the Chowki Distributary irrigation system, different operational strategies were investigated and quantified. From the results of this study, it is suggested to operate the distributary head regulator manually based on fixed frequency operation. It is recommended that from May to July, the distributary should be operated at 90-80 percent of design discharge, 90-75 percent of design discharge from August to October and 75-85 percent of design discharge from December to April to adjust the over delivery due to high water allowance. Hydraulic committees at each of the distributary should be established to operate the distributary according to crop demand. Awareness among the farmers should be created regarding the farm irrigation application methods to avoid over-irrigation and wastage of water.