اردو افسانہ۔۔۔ موضوعات و ارتقا
ادب کا انسانی زندگی سے گہرا تعلق ہے۔ادب صرف معاشرتی زندگی کا عکاس ہی نہیں بلکہ اس میں زندگی کی نا ہمواریوں کا دکھ اور شخصی اور اجتماعی زندگی کا عکس بھی ملتا ہے۔’’ادب‘‘زندگی سے جنم لیتا ہے۔ ایک کے بغیر دوسرے کا تصور نا ممکن ہے۔ معاشرے میں رو نما ہونے والے سارے عناصر ادب پر اثرانداز ہوتے ہیں۔افسانے میں ایک طرف تخلیق کار کی ذات کا پتہ چلتا ہے تو دوسری طرف اس سے انسانیت کی اعلیٰ اقدار بھی جھلکتی ہیں۔ادب معاشرے کی تعمیر و ترقی میں اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے اور سماجی، تہذیبی اور فکری رجحانات و میلانات پر اثر انداز بھی ہوتا ہے۔ ادب معاشرے کا آئینہ اور ترجمان ہے جوتمام حقیقتوں کو من وعن پیش کرتا ہے۔ یعنی ادب ہی کے ذریعہ سے کسی بھی بستی، علاقے،خطے،یا ملک و قوم کے باشندوں کی ثقافت،رہن سہن، اطواراور ان کی بودوباش کا علم ہوتا ہے۔ یہ ادب ہی ہے کہ جس کی بدولت کسی بھی قوم کے رہنے والوں کے مجموعی انداز فکر کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔ ادب اور زندگی ایک دوسرے کے لئے لازم و ملزوم ہیں۔دونوں کو ایک دوسرے سے جدا نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔ابولخیر کشفی ادب کے متعلق لکھتے ہیں:
’’ادب کے وسیلے سے مختلف سماجوں اور معاشروں نے اپنے مجموعی اندازِ فکر،مختلف رویوں اپنی ثقافت اور اپنے شعور کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ادب کو ہر مہذب معاشرے نے نہ صرف گہری توجہ کا مستحق ہی نہیں سمجھا بلکہ ادب کے آئینے میں اپنے بطون کو پیش کیا ہے۔‘‘(1)
افسانہ جدید ادب کی ایک صنف ہے۔جس میں افسانوی انداز میں حقیقی واقعات کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یہ ناول کے مقابلے میںخاصا مختصر ہوتا ہے۔افسانے میں ناول کی طرح کہانی کو پھیلایا نہیں جاتا بلکہ مختصر طور پر پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔ افسانے سے...
Background of the Study: To compare the effects of relaxing music therapy with task-oriented training of lower limbs on the balance and functional status in patients with chronic stroke.
Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample of 76 participants with chronic stroke, aged 40-60 years, and on assistance walking, were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. Individuals who had physical impairments and visual or hearing deficits were not included in the study. Group A received task-oriented training with routine physical therapy while Group B received Music therapy additionally. Three sessions on alternate days per week for eight weeks were given. Balance and functional independence were the outcome variables measured using the Berg Balance Scale and Functional Independence Measure respectively. Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA were applied for between-group and within-group differences respectively. P-value was significant at ≤0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 54.05 ± 3.64 years, the majority i.e., 55 (72.4%) were male, 46 (60.5%) had ischemic stroke and 53 (69.7%) were presented with left-sided weakness. A statistically significant difference was observed among both groups in balance (p =.000) and functional independence (p=0.000). The within-group difference was also significant for balance (p=0.000) and functional independence (p=0.000).
Conclusion: The integration of relaxing music therapy, task-oriented training, and routine physiotherapy is effective in improving balance and functional independence in chronic stroke patients.
In agricultural habitat 10 bumblebee species were recorded. Of which 68.62% bumblebees were dominated by five species viz., B. asiaticus, B. melanurus, B. rufofasciatus, B. semenovianus and B. tunicatus. B. asiaticusatus, B. semenovianus, B. rufofasciatus, B. melanurus, B. avinoviellus, B. kashmirensis, B. subtypicus, B. haemorrhoidalis and B. himalayanus were encountered abundantly. However, in non- agricultural habitat 13 bumblebee species were recorded and more than 50% bumblebees were dominated by four species viz., B. asiaticus, B. avinoviellus, B. biroi and B. haemorrhoidalis. Significant variations were observed in the species richness of non- agricultural habitat but none in case of abundance at habitat level. However, same was true in case of non-cropped area as compared to cropped area in agricultural habitat which reflected the importance of non-cropped area as a refuge area for the development of bumblebee colonies which ultimately play a vital role in the pollination of crops, increasing their quality and quantity. Trifolium alexandrinum. Medicago sativa and Solanum tuberosum were the important only plant species which were visited by all bumblebee species in the cropped area. Cana indica, Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium sp., Dahlia x hybrid, Delphinium brunonianum, Geranium spp., Lonicera periclymenum, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus sp., Rosa spp., Rosa webbiana and Stachys spp were recorded in non cropped area. Similarly, the Impatiens spp. attracted significantly maximum bumblebees followed by Centaurea cyanus, Ranunculus sp., Artemisia dracunculus and Tamarix gaelic in non agricultural habitat. Forage species separated in to two conspicuous groups depending upon their utilization by bumblebees as a short and long- tongued bumblebees. Long- tongued bumblebees (B. haemorrhoidalis, B. asiaticus and B. melanuorus) were only attracted to Ranunculus sp., Raphanus raphanistrum, Centaurea cyanus, Prunella vulgaris, Cana indica, Stachys spp., Cirsium sp., Trifolium pretense, Delphinium brunonianum and Lonicera periclymenum. However, strong winds hindered the foraging activities of B. avinoviellus and B. biroi especially at Naltar.