Laws of Inheritance in Islam and Hinduism: A Comparative Study

Laws of inheritance and succession exist since time immemorial in every human society. The estate of the deceased person is distributed amongst his/her legal heirs according to the laws of inheritance. Based on religions i.e. Islam and Hinduism-two different societies exist in the Indo-Pak sub-continent, having different frames of rules regarding socio-religious life. Coupled with a long history of closeness and co-existence, have deep religio-moral and socio-cultural diffusions and infusions with one another. The same impact permeates the laws of inheritance as well. This paper is an analysis of this permeation by focusing on the points of comparison and contrast in the light of the Holy Qur’ān, Sunn’ah and the sacred books of Hindūism.  

Industrial Production of Vanillin Using Locally Isolated Bacterial Strain

The present study was designed to investigate the bacterial production of vanillin exploring local natural sources like sewage and soil from industrial areas. The main objective was to screen the local bacterial strains for vanillin production and using these bacteria to enhance vanillin production in modified conditions. A total of 412 bacterial strains were isolated from 47 soil and 13 sewage samples collected from different industrial regions of the Punjab (Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Kasur). After primary screening 279 bacterial strains showed vanillin production and 133 strains were non producers. Quantitative analysis of vanillin production was measured as absorbance by standard curve at 434nm using spectrophotometer. Total fifteen bacterial strains produced significant (p< 0.001) amount of vanillin ranging from 1-10g/L and identified by ribotyping as Pseudomonas fluorescens A3, Enterococcus faecium A4, Alcaligene faecalis A7, Bacillus subtilis A10, Enterococcus lactis B1, Bacillus cereus B8, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B20, Bacillus pumilus D3, Escherachia coli D7, Enterobacter hormaechei E9, Bacillus cereus M2, Weissella paramesenteroides N3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa N9, Aerococcus viridans H8 and Escherachia coli S7. Among these fifteen strains five bacterial strains Enterococcus faecium A4, Alcaligene faecalis A7, Enterobacter hormaechei E9, Aerococcus viridans H8 and Weissella paramesenteroides N3 were novel producing moderate amount of vanillin ranging from 4.9- 8.8g/L. The selected strains were further explored for enhanced production of vanillin and were grown in different fermentation media under optimized growth conditions. Different fermentation media were based upon clove oil, rice bran waste, wheat bran and modified isoeugenol (FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36, FM37). Isoeugenol based modified medium FM36 (cost 131.5 rupees/L) containing 1% isoeugenol and 2.5g/L soya bean meal produced highest amount of vanillin ranging from 17.3g/L-18.5g/L by two selected bacterial strains A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919) and B20 P. aeruginosa (KT962920) respectively. Rice bran based medium FM32 (cost 49.7 rupees/L) containing 60g rice bran waste produced minimum 4.3g/L vanillin by S7 E. coli (KT962918). In conclusion current study indicated a significant amount of vanillin production in different modified fermentation media which are low cost, easily available and natural. A commercial production of vanillin using native bacterial isolates needs to be further explored in Pakistan. Bioconversion of vanillin using natural sources will be environment/consumer friendly along with cost effective and easily available. Pakistan a developing country spending quite a large amount 780 million rupees for the import of chemically synthesized vanillin (150,000 Kg) every year. There is a dire need to explore local sources for the bio production of vanillin.