اسلامی مملکت کے بین الاقوامی تعلقات عصرحاضر کے تناظر میں

Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.

Studies on the Systematic and Ecological Status of Tettigoniodea Ensifera of Pakistan

Pakistan is a biogeographically diverse region mainly due to its rich vegetation and favourable climatic condition which made it trouble-free region for breeding of different insects groups including grasshoppers. Tettigonioidea are phytophagous insects some of the species are important pests of agricultural crops while many species are ecologically associated with forest biocenoses, damaging trees and shrubs. In addition to herbaceous plants, these facts extend the range of injurious plants to forest, fruit orchards, berry shrubs and grasses. As a result of this work, a total of 4379 adults were collected from different climatic zone of country during the year 2011-2014 and field sites included: agriculture land, forests, fruit orchards, grapevine, berry shrubs, hilly, semi desert and desert areas, trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. The collected material was sorted out into 47 species of Tettigonioidea pertaining to 07 sub-families i-e: Pseudophyllinae, Phaneropterinae, Conocephalinae, Tettigoniinae, Hexacentrinae, Mecopodinaeand Decticinae belonging to 20 tribes, 22 genera, and constricted 29 new records to Pakistan and 05 new species to science. Phaneropterinae and Conocephalinae showed its wide diversity in Pakistan and over all percentage of Conocephalinae was recorded significantly highest i-e: 55.7% followed by 43.6% of Phaneropterinae while significantly least percentage i-e: 0.36%, 0.11%, and 0.06% for Tettigoniinae, Pseudophyllinae and Mecopodinae respectively and 0.04% was recorded for Hexacentrinae and Decticinae. Overall, these finding suggests that Phaneropterinae and Conocephalinae were collected in large numbers and having prevailing status throughout the country on contrary to this, other studied subfamilies i-e: Hexacentrinae, Mecopodinaeand Decticinae were considered rare due to less numbers and species. Beside this, Pseudophyllinae with single genus Sathrophyllia that include 4 species was studied for the first time from Pakistan. During the present study 29 new records of Tettigoniidae were enlisted to Pakistan that includes: Sathrophyllia nr. rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758), S. femorata to sub-family Pseudophyllinae, surprisingly, sub-family Phaneropterinae possess maximum new records i-e: Trigonocorypha unicolor, Stål, 1873 T. angustata, Uvarov, 1922, T.nr. angustata,Uvarov,1922, Phaneroptera bivittata Bei-Bienko, 1954, Holochlora nigrotympana Ingrisch, 1990, H. venosa Stål, 1873, H. astylata Karny, 1926,Ducetia japonica, Thunberg, 1815, Letana rufonotata (Serville, 1838), L. bulbosa Ingrisch, 1990, Tylopsis lilifolia Fabricius, 1793, Isopsera spinosa Ingrisch, 1990, .I. stylata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878,I. pedunculata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, I. astylata Karny, 1926, Himertula kinneari (Uvarov, 1923) andH. marmorata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891) andthere are 4 new records in sub-family Tettigoniinaeviz: Calopterusa balucha (Uvarov, 1932), Platycleis grisea (Fabricius, 1781), Glyphonotus sinensis Uvarov, 1939 and Eupholidoptera karatolosi Mofidi & Quicke 2007 and 2 each to sub-family Hexacentrinae,Mecopodinae and Decticinae, Hexacentrus unicolor Serville, 1831 , H. pusillus Redtenbacher, 1891, Mecopda platyphoea Walker, 1870, Afromecopoda monroviana (Karsch,1886), Decticus verrucivorous (Linnaeus, 1758)and D. Albifrons (Fabricius, 1775). During the present study, it was observed that Phaneroptera spinosa, Bei-Bienko, P. roseata, Walker of Phaneropterinae and Conocephalus maculates (Le-Guillou) and Euconocephalus incertus Walker to Conocephalinae were widely distributed species, the possible reason of this spread might be feeding on nutritional rich vegetations and favourable climatic condition of region. Besides this, single individual each of Phaneroptera gracilis Bei-Bienko, Trigonocoryphanr. angustata Uvarov and Letana rufonotata (Serville) ofPhaneropterinae :Platycleis intermedia (Serville), Tettigonia caudata (Charpentier), Glyphonotus sinensis Uvarov, Eupholidoptera karatolosiMofidi & Quicke to Tettigoniinaewere considered as rare. In addition to this, Tylopsis lilifolia Fabricius was restricted to Baluchistan. Further, information on the distribution and ecology of the all species is given and a key to Pakistan species of Tettigonioidea is presented. Moreover, the record collection of sub-families Phaneropterinae and Conocephalinae represents the first comprehensive record of the entomological fauna of Pakistan. In addition to this, the distribution of all previously recorded species has been greatly extended to the localities. The taxonomic keys for various taxa have also been constructed for their future identification. Nevertheless, a brief description of each supra-generic category of Tettigonioidea along with photographs and synonymy is also documented. Additionally, detailed list of host plants from Pakistan was also composed for the first time.The correct identification of species obtained from this study will be instrumental in understanding and devising the population management strategies to adopt control measures at appropriate time. These findings supplied important basis and data for integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Tettigonioidea biodiversity conservation and grassland restoration in Pakistan. In addition to this, the description of new species and new records give the indication that if more extensive surveys of the unexplored areas might lead to discovery of new species from this area. Furthermore, present study is also responsible in making conceptual contribution like population thinking. It is also responsible in solving the problems of multiplication of species cause its greatest contributions lies in the understanding of the structure of species and of the evolutionary role of peripheral population. Present study will also prove useful tool for the study of development of behavioural sciences and it is a key to the study of phylogenetic, cladistic analysis can be undertaken unless all the species of Tettigonioidea importance are identified. This research work is an initiative step towards the identification of Tettigonioidea fauna of Pakistan