آصف علی
افسوس ہے کہ اس مہینہ کے شروع میں ہماری قومی و ملی جماعت کی دو ممتاز شخصیتیں ہم سے جدا ہوگئیں یعنی آصف علی مرحوم اور شفیق الرحمن مرحوم قدوائی نے انتقال کیا، یہ دونوں پرانے قومی کا رکن تھے، ملک و وطن کی انھوں نے بڑی خدمات انجام دیں اور اس کے لئے قید و بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلیں، ہندوستان کی آزادی کی جدوجہد میں ان کا نمایاں حصہ تھا، آصف علی صاحب مرحوم تو پرانے آدمی اور مشہور و ممتاز شخصیت رکھتے تھے، سیاسی ز ندگی سے پہلے بھی وہ ایک اچھے بیرسٹر تھے، اور سیاست کے میدان میں بھی ان کو نمایاں مقام حاصل تھا، اور ہندوستان کے بڑے لیڈروں میں ان کا شمار تھا، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد وہ مرکزی حکومت کی وزارت، اڑیسہ کی گورنری، امریکہ اور سوئیزرلینڈ کی سفارت جیسے بڑے بڑے عہدوں پر ممتاز رہے، اور سو ئیزرلینڈ میں ہی ان کا انتقال ہوا، علمی حیثیت سے بھی وہ بڑے لائق اور ذہین وذکی تھے، اردو کے بھی ادیب تھے اور انگریزی و اردو دونوں میں ان کی تصانیف ہیں، انتقال کے وقت ۶۴، ۶۵ سال کی عمر تھی، ان کی موت سے ایک ایسی جگہ خالی ہوگئی جس کا موجودہ حالات میں پر ہونا مشکل ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۵۳ء)
Almighty sent his chosen prophets to every Ummah to teach them the lesson of goodness and to avoid evil. The purposes of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) were reform processes: to teach and guide, and pushed the people to Almighty Allah. According to the narrative in Islamic law, everyone's either Muslim or non-Muslim, relative or/neighbor has determined the right to live things. And good conduct is that because Abdullah bin Mubarak said That is, "Meeting old habits, doing righteousness, and forbidding people to hurt you". If human behavior is good then its own life will also pass through fortune and joy, and it will also be the mercy and chain of things for others. Collective relations, interacting with the recipients, and the Family system, is proven to be a source of intelligence. The result of the happy moral is Reality and Heaven of Arman al-Rahman, and the fulfillment of the Prophecy is the wrath of Lord Koran and the Fire of Hell.
Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal whose widespread use has caused extensive environmental contamination and health problems through food chain contamination in many parts of the world. Recently, phytoremediation has appeared as an effective and alternative solution to conventional physiochemical techniques for removal of Pb from contaminated soil. However, lack of understanding and information regarding Pb availability, speciation, uptake and translocation mechanisms, suitable plant species for hyperaccumulating Pb, microbial association that interfere phytoremediation process at plant soil interface are hindering its full-scale application. The aim of the current research was to develop an integrated plant-microbial association system for enhanced remediation of Pb contaminated soils using indigenous biological systems including plants and microorganisms. In the first step, extensive screening of ornamental plants locally grown in Pakistan was done for selection of Pb hyperaccumulator plant. Fortunately, two plants Pelargonium hortorum and Mesembryanthemum criniflorum were selected based on significantly higher Pb accumulation (>1000 mg Pb kg-1 in shoot dry biomass) and better translocation i.e., higher accumulation in shoot compared to root without significant (p<0.05) decrease in plant dry biomass (up to 1500 mg kg-1 soil Pb conc.). The selected plants were further investigated for root induced changes in rhizosphere during three-week culture in special cropping device fabricated locally. Results indicated significant ability of P. hortorum to acidify rhizosphere soil (ΔpH= -0.22 pH units) and increasing dissolved organic compounds (DOC) contents (1.4-1.7 –folds) that induced Pb mobility in soil (1-2 –folds) compared to M. criniflorum and control soil. Plant-microbial association studies for phytoremediation potential were performed in the subsequent step. Indigenous Pb resistant bacteria were isolated from soil collected from battery recycling units in industrial zones of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Klebsiella xi quasipneumoniae (NCCP-1862), Klebsiella variicola (NCCP-1857), Pseudomonas beteli (NCCP- 1845), Microbacterium paraoxydans (NCCP-1848) and Bacillus tequilensis (NCCP-1860) showed Pb tolerance and solubilization and plant growth promoting (PGP) activity. Plant-bacterial interaction studies exhibited the potential of M. paraoxydans as efficient bio-inoculant for increased Pb phytoextraction. Fungal-soil interaction studies showed the ability of Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor spp. to increase the bioavailable fraction by lowering soil pH. Fungal-plant interaction studies exhibited the potential of Mucor spp. as efficient bio-inoculant for enhanced Pb uptake in P. hortorum (2.21 mg per plant) followed by A. flavus (1.85 mg per plant). In the later step, multiple heavy metal accumulator plants (Pteris vittata) and associated rhizospheric bacteria were studied for Pb phytoextraction in sterile conditions. The results showed decrease in Pb uptake while improving plant growth in both inoculated and un-inoculated P. vittata and P. hortorum. Amplification of metal efflux transporter gene fragments (pbrA, cadA2 and czcR) from Pseudomonas sp. genomic DNA explained molecular mechanisms involved in Pb resistance and detoxification in bacteria. Finally, a novel integrated plant-microbial system was developed through series of experiments by co-inoculating bacteria and fungi. Strong inhibitory effect of Pb on soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass and respiration and significant restoration by bio-inoculants were achieved. Coinoculation of bacteria and fungi significantly improve soil enzymatic activities. The outcome of this detailed investigation provided optimized, efficient and integrated biological system for enhanced remediation of Pb contaminated sites that could be considered as a potential alternative to synthetic chelators and reduce the associated environmental concerns. The findings of the present study may be helpful in developing a pilot scale treatment facility for contaminated soil in industrial and urban soil.