Life of Shāh Walī Allāh
Shāh Walī Allāh has written an article titled “al- Juz’ al- Laṭīf fī tarjamat al- ‘Abd al-Ẓa‘īf” in his book “Anfās al ‘Ārifīn” in which he has described his life history. Following are the events of his life as narrated by him:
“I was born on Wednesday 4thShawwāl, 1114 A. H at sunrise… Parents and other saints had received the intuitions about me even before and after my birth. I was sent to Maktab at the age of five and when I was about seven my father made me offer prayers and commanded me to observe fast. In the same year, circumcision was done and after having finished the Qur’ān I took up studying books in Arabic and Persian. At the age of ten, I was going through “Sharaḥ Mullā” and during that time the field of studies opened up for me. I was married at fourteen as my father had desired an early wedding…. I gave my hand to my father’s hand at the age of fifteen and got busy taking up Ashghāl-e-Ṣufīah, especially the Mashā’ikh-e-Naqshband. I set up my spiritual discourse after having sought their attention and motivation to acquire the grooming about norms of religious practices and spiritual uplift through Sufiism. In the same year, I studied a part of Beḍāvī Sharīf and then my father arranged a general feast where he accorded me permission to deliver dars. In short, I learned all the disciplines of that area (‘Ulūm-e-Mutadāwalah) at the age of fifteen and went through all the books linked with these fields in chronological order. In the field of Ḥadīth, leaving aside its part from Kitāb al-bay‘ upto Kitāb al-ādāb, I went through the remaining complete Mishkāt, Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī upto Kitāb al-ṭahārah...
Current accounts and Ijarah has been foremost and important tools operated by the Islamic Financial Institutions. This study attempts to explore a few misgivings in the handling of current accounts by the Islamic banks in Pakistan. Financial management of Islamic banks is not under consideration which leads to the violation of Shariah’s fundamentals. Also in case of Ijarah, a bank’s client suffers from financial losses which must be borne in Islamic Banking system. Islamic Banks transfer the burden of some charges emerging form ownership of leased asset on their clientele which does not have any justification according to Shariah. This research has been carried out by taking unstructured interviews from some of the concerned staff of Islamic Banks. The results depict that current accounts and Ijarah is in operation and need to be revised and refined and must comply with Shariah.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool for solving complex fluid flow problems in the last few decades. The relation between the flow regime transformation and its corresponding hydrodynamics forces on the staggered cylinders has not been studied at low Reynolds number (Re), both experimentally and numerically. In order to do so, numerical investigations are conducted to study the unsteady flow past square cylinders arranged in staggered configurations. Six distinct staggered geometries are constructed for which simulations are carried out by using two dimensional single relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (SRT-LBM). The combined effect of Re and separation ratio (g*) on the flow physics and hydrodynamics forces is systematically studied. For this study, physical parameters of practical importance are chosen in the range of 20 ≤ Re ≤ 160 and 0 ≤ g* ≤ 7. The SRT-LBM was validated by comparing the unsteady flow around an isolated cylinder and two cylinders with available experimental and numerical data. Results are presented in the form of instantaneous vorticity contour visualization, time-histories of drag and lift forces, power spectra of lift signals and hydrodynamic forces. For all chosen geometries critical spacing ratio and Reynolds number are identified. It is observed that with increase in spacing ratios between the cylinders the critical Reynolds number for the onset of vortex shedding phenomena also increases. Different flow regimes are observed for different staggered geometries. Chaotic flow is one of the common flow regime. The transformation of the flow occurs due to the interaction between primary and secondary frequencies; the latter frequency strongly depends on the spacing ratio between cylinders. The effect of jet flows on the wake structure mechanism (shed vortices) behind the cylinders is studied in detail. The results show that both Re and g* have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic forces. The flow regime maps for varying Re and g* are proposed for all considered problems. All these results, most of which have been obtained for the very first time, are of fundamental significance in engineering applications.